Among food products, those from cereals may constitute an important means to introduce bioactive compounds in the diet since it has been shown that they play a fundamental role in the promotion of healthy eating, thanks to their overall composition. In this regard, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is well suited to develop functional foods because of the presence of bioactive compounds (dietary fibre, ß-glucans, phenolic compounds etc.), which are known for their important physiological properties related to soluble dietary fibre ingestion and to the effects related to the reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Among cereal products, couscous could become a good means to introduce bioactive compounds in the diet. In fact, couscous, which is an ancient cereal food typical of North African countries, is now losing its connotation as a typical product of the Arab culture, thanks to globalization and is highly appreciated on an international level, especially in Europe. In light of these considerations, this research aims to explore unconventional raw materials, such as barley flour, for the production of couscous with high nutritional value and functional properties, developing in three main activities: Evaluation of suitable physical techniques for the enrichment of barley flour in bioactive compounds and the study of balanced formulations, containing semolina and enriched barley flour, for the production of innovative couscous that meet nutritional and health requirements and good technological quality. Production of functional couscous by traditional process in order to verify interactions and/or the changes induced by the addition of non-conventional raw materials. Complete physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial characterization of innovative products. The results obtained in the first part of the experimentation show that air classification process is particularly suitable for the enrichment of barley flour in bioactive compounds, in fact, when barley flour is subjected to this process, its final ß-glucans content is increased by almost 90% compared to untreated flour. This allows, in the formulation of functional cereal foods, to reach high ß-glucans amount with a minimum replacement of wheat flour with barley flour thus preserving the technological and processing aptitude of formulas. Further results show that the addition of enriched barley flour to semolina allows for the production of a couscous characterized by quantities of fibre (at least 6g/100g) and ß-glucans (1.0g of ß-glucans per quantified portion) fulfilling the nutritional and health claims identified by FDA and EFSA and implemented through (EC) Regulation No. 1924/2006 and (EU) Regulation n. 432/2012. Moreover, the final product also proved to be enriched with flavan-3-ol compounds (not contained in wheat) and alkylresorcinols, whose content is double in the functional couscous, permitting to introduce different compounds useful for human well-being in their diet. In conclusion innovative couscous, can be considered a functional product with improved nutritional value and good cooking qualities and thus preserves the typical characteristics of classical couscous resulting in a product that can be successful on the market.
Tra i prodotti alimentari, quelli a base di cereali rappresentano un importante veicolo per introdurre composti bioattivi nella dieta; è stato infatti dimostrato che, i cereali, contengono sostanze con comprovata azione protettiva sulla salute, promuovendo una sana alimentazione. A tal proposito, l'orzo (Hordeum vulgare L.) ben si presta allo sviluppo di alimenti funzionali per la presenza di composti bioattivi (fibra alimentare, ß-glucani, composti fenolici ecc.), riconosciuti per le importanti proprietà fisiologiche legate all'ingestione di fibra solubile, nonché per gli effetti ipocolesterolemico e ipoglicemico. Tra i prodotti a base di cereali, il couscous risulta particolarmente idoneo per introdurre composti bioattivi nella dieta, infatti, pur essendo originario dei Paesi del Nord Africa, oggi, grazie ai fenomeni di globalizzazione e migrazione, sta perdendo la connotazione di prodotto tipico della cultura araba risultando molto apprezzato a livello internazionale e diffondendosi soprattutto in Europa. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, il presente lavoro di ricerca, ha mirato a valutare l’utilizzo di materie prime non convenzionali, come la farina d’orzo, per la produzione di couscous funzionale ad alto valore nutrizionale, attraverso lo sviluppo di tre attività principali: Impiego di idonee tecniche fisiche per l'arricchimento della farina d’orzo in composti bioattivi e studio di formulazioni bilanciate, contenenti semola e farina d’orzo arricchita, per la produzione di couscous innovativo che soddisfi i requisiti nutrizionali e salutistici, mantenendo una buona qualità tecnologica. Produzione di couscous funzionale mediante processo tradizionale, al fine di verificare le interazioni e/o le modifiche indotte dall'aggiunta di materie prime non convenzionali. Completa caratterizzazione chimico-fisica, nutrizionale e sensoriale del prodotto innovativo. I risultati ottenuti nella prima parte della sperimentazione mostrano che, il processo di classificazione ad aria risulta essere particolarmente adatto per l’arricchimento della farina d’orzo in composti bioattivi, infatti, quando sottoposta a tale processo, la farina d’orzo presenta un contenuto in ß-glucani più alto di quasi il 90% rispetto allo sfarinato non trattato. Ciò consente, nella formulazione di alimenti funzionali a base di cereali, di raggiungere elevate quantità di ß-glucani con una minima sostituzione della farina di grano con la farina d’orzo preservando l'attitudine tecnologica e di lavorazione delle materie prime. Ulteriori risultati rilevano inoltre, che l’aggiunta di farina d’orzo arricchita alla semola, consente di produrre un couscous caratterizzato da quantità di fibra (almeno 6,0 g/100g) e ß-glucani (1,0 g di ß-glucani per porzione quantificata) tali soddisfare le indicazioni nutrizionali e salutistiche individuate dalla FDA e dall’EFSA e recepite attraverso il Regolamento (CE) N. 1924/2006 e il Regolamento (UE) n. 432/2012. Inoltre, il prodotto finito risulta essere arricchito anche in flavan 3-oli (non presenti nella semola) e alchilresorcinoli, il cui contenuto è doppio nel couscous funzionale, permettendo di introdurre nella dieta composti utili per il benessere dell’uomo. In conclusione, il couscous innovativo realizzato può essere considerato un prodotto funzionale con migliorato valore nutrizionale e buona qualità di cottura che preserva le caratteristiche tipiche del couscous classico, risultando, perciò, un possibile prodotto di successo sul mercato.
Development of barley based couscous with improved nutritional and functional properties
ORIENTE, MANUELA
2020-06-03
Abstract
Among food products, those from cereals may constitute an important means to introduce bioactive compounds in the diet since it has been shown that they play a fundamental role in the promotion of healthy eating, thanks to their overall composition. In this regard, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is well suited to develop functional foods because of the presence of bioactive compounds (dietary fibre, ß-glucans, phenolic compounds etc.), which are known for their important physiological properties related to soluble dietary fibre ingestion and to the effects related to the reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Among cereal products, couscous could become a good means to introduce bioactive compounds in the diet. In fact, couscous, which is an ancient cereal food typical of North African countries, is now losing its connotation as a typical product of the Arab culture, thanks to globalization and is highly appreciated on an international level, especially in Europe. In light of these considerations, this research aims to explore unconventional raw materials, such as barley flour, for the production of couscous with high nutritional value and functional properties, developing in three main activities: Evaluation of suitable physical techniques for the enrichment of barley flour in bioactive compounds and the study of balanced formulations, containing semolina and enriched barley flour, for the production of innovative couscous that meet nutritional and health requirements and good technological quality. Production of functional couscous by traditional process in order to verify interactions and/or the changes induced by the addition of non-conventional raw materials. Complete physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial characterization of innovative products. The results obtained in the first part of the experimentation show that air classification process is particularly suitable for the enrichment of barley flour in bioactive compounds, in fact, when barley flour is subjected to this process, its final ß-glucans content is increased by almost 90% compared to untreated flour. This allows, in the formulation of functional cereal foods, to reach high ß-glucans amount with a minimum replacement of wheat flour with barley flour thus preserving the technological and processing aptitude of formulas. Further results show that the addition of enriched barley flour to semolina allows for the production of a couscous characterized by quantities of fibre (at least 6g/100g) and ß-glucans (1.0g of ß-glucans per quantified portion) fulfilling the nutritional and health claims identified by FDA and EFSA and implemented through (EC) Regulation No. 1924/2006 and (EU) Regulation n. 432/2012. Moreover, the final product also proved to be enriched with flavan-3-ol compounds (not contained in wheat) and alkylresorcinols, whose content is double in the functional couscous, permitting to introduce different compounds useful for human well-being in their diet. In conclusion innovative couscous, can be considered a functional product with improved nutritional value and good cooking qualities and thus preserves the typical characteristics of classical couscous resulting in a product that can be successful on the market.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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