The environmental concerns relative to the non-biodegradable nature of packaging materials, has moved the interest of researchers toward the development of more sustainable packaging systems. This aspect, together with the changing lifestyle of consumers, makes the application of innovative packaging for the conservation of highly perishable products, such as fresh-cut fruit, promising and appealing. Systems that meet these needs can be identified in edible packaging, coatings with the main requirement of being made of edible ingredients. In this doctoral thesis, exploiting the properties of colloidal systems, strategies were set up to develop edible coatings and films based on nanodispersions, formulations that allow to combine a hydrophobic component with a hydrophilic phase. In the specific case, a biodegradable, non-toxic anionic polymer (sodium alginate) was chosen as the structural component, while essential oil (EO) was used as a lipophilic compound, all stabilized by a food-grade surfactant (Tween 80). In order to ensure the optimization of edible packaging production, an in-depth investigation of the rheological behavior of the formulated nanodispersions was carried out, varying the quantities of polymer and EO. All nanodispersions shared a liquid-like behavior, showing that the structure given by the polymeric component is not influenced by the presence of EO. The addition of the latter, however, has shown interesting results in terms of antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus for samples with an EO content of at least 1%. The gelation of the polymer with crosslinking agents is a process used to ensure good adhesion of the protective film on the fruit surface. For this reason, the phenomenon has been studied in two different ways, one based on the in situ gelation method; the other on the surface gelation. In the first case, homogeneous hydrogels with different polymer content, EO and crosslinking agent (calcium chloride) have been obtained through the in situ gelation method. Their pseudoplastic behavior was only slightly influenced by the presence of oil for low alginate samples. The hydrogels were stronger (high elastic modulus), when the amount of CaCl2 added increase, as found with the oscillation tests. All the samples showed a thixotropic behavior, with a very slow recovery of the structure, also confirmed by the creep-recovery curves, in which it was possible to observe the deformation was not recovered because of the viscoelastic character of the hydrogels. In the second case, the gelation was studied by spraying CaCl2 solution on the surface of the edible films, obtained by the casting method. Films based only on alginate or alginate/EO nanodispersions, treated and not with Ca2+, were characterized. The samples obtained from the nanodispersions showed a thicker and different microstructure, as well as the films treated with Ca2+. The crosslinking process made the films less soluble in water, with higher value of tensile strength and lower extensibility; however, the permeability to water vapor was not significantly affected. Considering the main purpose of edible packaging, which through the creation of a micro-environment regulates the exchange of gases improving the quality of the fruits and extending their shelf-life, the last phase concerned the application alginate/EO nanodispersions on fresh-cut apples. The use of these systems resulted in a weight loss reduction and maintenance of quality parameters up to 14 days, thanks to the incorporation of natural compounds that allowed the reduction of enzymatic browning, in particular for low oil content nanodispersions.
L’impatto ambientale dei materiali da imballaggio non biodegradabili ha indirizzato l’interesse dei ricercatori verso la progettazione di imballaggi più ecologici. Questo aspetto, insieme al cambiamento dello stile di vita dei consumatori, rende promettente e accattivante l’applicazione di imballaggi innovativi per la conservazione di prodotti altamente deperibili, come la frutta fresca in pezzi. Sistemi che soddisfino queste esigenze possono essere individuati nei packaging edibili, imballaggi alternativi aventi come requisito principale quello di essere costituiti da ingredienti commestibili. In questa tesi, sfruttando le proprietà dei sistemi colloidali, sono state messe a punto strategie per sviluppare rivestimenti e pellicole commestibili a base di nanodispersioni, ossia formulazioni che consentono di combinare una componente lipofila con una fase idrofilica. Nel caso specifico, un polimero anionico biodegradabile, non tossico (alginato), è stato scelto come componente strutturale, mentre olio essenziale (OE) è stato utilizzato come composto lipofilo, il tutto stabilizzato da un tensioattivo di grado alimentare (Tween 80). Ai fini di garantire l’ottimizzazione della produzione degli imballaggi è stata condotta un’indagine approfondita sul comportamento reologico delle nanodispersioni formulate, variando le quantità di polimero e OE. Tutte le nanodispersioni hanno mostrato un comportamento liquid-like evidenziando che la struttura data dalla componente polimerica non è influenzata dalla presenza di OE. L’aggiunta di quest’ultimo però ha mostrato risultati interessanti in termini di attività antifungina, inibendo la crescita di Penicillium, Aspergillus e Rhizopus per campioni a contenuto di OE di almeno l’1%. La gelificazione del polimero con agenti crosslinkanti, processo utilizzato ai fini di garantire una buona adesione del film protettivo sulla superficie dei frutti, è stato studiato in due differenti modi, uno basato sul metodo della gelificazione in situ e l’altro sulla gelificazione superficiale. Nel primo caso, attraverso la gelificazione interna sono stati ottenuti hydrogels omogenei a differente contenuto di polimero, EO e agente crosslinkante (cloruro di calcio). Il loro comportamento pseudoplastico è risultato leggermente influenzato dalla presenza di olio solo nei campioni a basso contenuto di alginato. Gli hydrogels si presentavano più “forti” (elevato modulo elastico), all’aumentare della quantità di CaCl2 aggiunto, come riscontrato con i test oscillatori. Tutti i campioni hanno mostrato un comportamento tissotropico, con un recupero della struttura molto lento, confermato anche dalle curve del creep-recovery test, nelle quali è possibile osservare che dopo essere stati deformati i campioni non recuperano completamente le condizioni iniziali a causa della loro natura viscoelastica. Inoltre, la gelificazione è stata studiata nebulizzando una soluzione di CaCl2 sulla superficie di film commestibili, ottenuti con il metodo del casting. I film a base di solo alginato o nanodispersioni alginato/OE, trattati o non con ioni Ca2+, sono stati caratterizzati. I campioni ottenuti da nanodispersioni hanno mostrato una differente microstruttura, più spessa, così come i film trattati con calcio. Il processo di crosslinking ha reso i film meno solubili in acqua, con valori più elevati di forza tensile a discapito dell’estensibilità; tuttavia la permeabilità al vapore acqueo non è stata influenzata significativamente. Infine, dato lo scopo principale dei packaging commestibili, cioè migliorare la qualità dei frutti ed estenderne la shelf-life, le nanodispersioni di alginato e OE sono state applicate su pezzi di mela per creare un micro-ambiente in grado di regolare lo scambio dei gas. L’utilizzo di questi sistemi, ha comportato una riduzione della perdita di peso e il mantenimento dei parametri di qualità fino a 14 giorni. Inoltre, grazie all’incorporazione di composti naturali (OE) è stato ridotto l’imbrunimento enzimatico, in particolare per le nanodispersioni a basso contenuto di olio.
Alginate-based nanodispersion to assemble edible coatings and films for food applications
COFELICE, Martina
2020-06-03
Abstract
The environmental concerns relative to the non-biodegradable nature of packaging materials, has moved the interest of researchers toward the development of more sustainable packaging systems. This aspect, together with the changing lifestyle of consumers, makes the application of innovative packaging for the conservation of highly perishable products, such as fresh-cut fruit, promising and appealing. Systems that meet these needs can be identified in edible packaging, coatings with the main requirement of being made of edible ingredients. In this doctoral thesis, exploiting the properties of colloidal systems, strategies were set up to develop edible coatings and films based on nanodispersions, formulations that allow to combine a hydrophobic component with a hydrophilic phase. In the specific case, a biodegradable, non-toxic anionic polymer (sodium alginate) was chosen as the structural component, while essential oil (EO) was used as a lipophilic compound, all stabilized by a food-grade surfactant (Tween 80). In order to ensure the optimization of edible packaging production, an in-depth investigation of the rheological behavior of the formulated nanodispersions was carried out, varying the quantities of polymer and EO. All nanodispersions shared a liquid-like behavior, showing that the structure given by the polymeric component is not influenced by the presence of EO. The addition of the latter, however, has shown interesting results in terms of antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus for samples with an EO content of at least 1%. The gelation of the polymer with crosslinking agents is a process used to ensure good adhesion of the protective film on the fruit surface. For this reason, the phenomenon has been studied in two different ways, one based on the in situ gelation method; the other on the surface gelation. In the first case, homogeneous hydrogels with different polymer content, EO and crosslinking agent (calcium chloride) have been obtained through the in situ gelation method. Their pseudoplastic behavior was only slightly influenced by the presence of oil for low alginate samples. The hydrogels were stronger (high elastic modulus), when the amount of CaCl2 added increase, as found with the oscillation tests. All the samples showed a thixotropic behavior, with a very slow recovery of the structure, also confirmed by the creep-recovery curves, in which it was possible to observe the deformation was not recovered because of the viscoelastic character of the hydrogels. In the second case, the gelation was studied by spraying CaCl2 solution on the surface of the edible films, obtained by the casting method. Films based only on alginate or alginate/EO nanodispersions, treated and not with Ca2+, were characterized. The samples obtained from the nanodispersions showed a thicker and different microstructure, as well as the films treated with Ca2+. The crosslinking process made the films less soluble in water, with higher value of tensile strength and lower extensibility; however, the permeability to water vapor was not significantly affected. Considering the main purpose of edible packaging, which through the creation of a micro-environment regulates the exchange of gases improving the quality of the fruits and extending their shelf-life, the last phase concerned the application alginate/EO nanodispersions on fresh-cut apples. The use of these systems resulted in a weight loss reduction and maintenance of quality parameters up to 14 days, thanks to the incorporation of natural compounds that allowed the reduction of enzymatic browning, in particular for low oil content nanodispersions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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