“The Subsidiarity: from the judicial asymmetries to the substantial asymmetries of the Constitutional Court and the EU Court of Justice” The article aims to analyse the meaning and the scope of the principle of subsidiarity in the “living law” of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and tin the jurisprudence of the European Union Court of Justice by comparing the two different jurisprudences. The problem is if, compared to the abstract theoretical symmetries of the principle of subsidiarity in the Italian legal system and in the European legal system, there are judicial asymmetries of the jurisprudence related to the application of that principle and if, therefore, there are substantial asymmetries in the legal experience. So, after having stressed that the principle of subsidiarity, while having a judicial and non-political character, has the nature of a general clause, for which it is very elastic unlike the unquestionable judgment of the Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice, the written examines if the European Union-born principle of subsidiarity is applied in the National law and in European Union law in a different way. One wonders if it does not tend to be a two-faced Janus in the two systems. In fact, the research tends to highlight the asymmetries between the European Union legal system and the Italian legal system with regard to the concrete jurisprudential application of the principle of subsidiarity, which provides the abstract uniqueness of the theoretical enunciation. Indeed, the asymmetries are relevant despite the European ancestry of the principle of subsidiarity in the Constitution. The first asymmetry has a juridical-formal nature because in the supranational order the principle of subsidiarity is a structural principle of the legal system, while in the Constitution the principle formally concerns administrative functions, even if the Constitutional Court, with the famous sentence n. 303/2003, in the course of interpretation, has tried to overcome this asymmetry between the two systems. The second asymmetry has a political-institutional nature and concerns the same historical origin of the principle in the two systems. In Europe – as will be shown in the research – the principle of subsidiarity is introduced to find a balance between the historical sovereignty of the national States and the difficult conquest of a normative - as well as an autonomous - political space of Europe. In Italy, however, the equilibrium point is reversed, in the sense that, on contrary, it arises between the historical sovereignty of the centralist State and the level closest to the citizens represented by the Regions, which seek to build a political and normative identity within a sovereign State. The third asymmetry has a formal-juridical nature, in the sense that while in Europe the principle of subsidiarity travels in one way, because it is only the States that resort to the legislative acts of the European institutions, without prejudice to the fact that the European Union has never proposed appeal against state legislative acts for violation of the principle of subsidiarity, to the detriment of the European Union, in the Italian legal system the principle of subsidiarity doesn’t travel on one track, but on two tracks, because the State can also appeal against regional laws for violation of the principle of subsidiarity to the detriment of the State. The fourth asymmetry concerns the fact that in Europe the Court of Justice has arrived, after a long journey, to control the "substantial conditions" that must be applied for the application of the principle of subsidiarity, while the Constitutional Court has controlled the "substantial" conditions in the application of the principle of subsidiarity since beginning and, recently, called for "concertation" and even the understanding between the State and the Regions, making the principle of subsidiarity concretely negotiable, in contrast with the orientation of the Court of Justice. The fifth asymmetry concerns the conduct of the Italian State that invokes an application of the principle of subsidiarity in front of the Court of Justice in favour of the level closest to the citizens who, compared to Europe, are represented by the States, while in front of the Constitutional Court, beyond the abstract enunciations, it tends to apply a regionalist philosophy to the detriment of the legislative autonomy of the regions. The analysis ends with a reflection on the relationship between the jurisprudence in the matter of subsidiarity and the jurisprudence in the matter of national counter-limits to the European Union limits imposed by the European Union legal system to the national legal systems, in application of the principle of subsidiarity.

L’articolo si propone di analizzare il senso e la portata del principio di sussidiarietà nel “diritto vivente” della giurisprudenza della Corte Costituzionale e nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione europea mettendo a confronto le due giurisprudenze. Il problema è se, a fronte delle astratte simmetrie teoriche del principio di sussidiarietà nei due ordinamenti italiano ed europeo, esistano asimmetrie giudiziarie della giurisprudenza relative all’applicazione del principio e, quindi, esistano asimmetrie sostanziali, nell’esperienza giuridica. Pertanto, dopo aver evidenziato che il principio di sussidiarietà, pur avendo carattere giuridico e non politico, ha natura di clausola generale, onde essa è dotata di un elevato grado di elasticità rimessa al giudizio insindacabile della Corte Costituzionale e della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione europea, il lavoro esamina il problema se il principio di sussidiarietà di origine comunitaria sia applicato, in maniera divergente, nell’ordinamento nazionale e nell’ordinamento comunitario. Si domanda, allora, se esso non si configuri tendenzialmente come un Giano bifronte nei due ordinamenti. La ricerca tende, infatti, a porre in evidenza le asimmetrie tra ordinamento comunitario e ordinamento italiano in ordine all’applicazione giurisprudenziale concreta del principio di sussidiarietà a fronte dell’astratta unicità della enunciazione teorica. Invero le asimmetrie sono rilevanti nonostante l’ascendenza europea del principio di sussidiarietà nella Costituzione. La prima asimmetria ha natura giuridico-formale perché nell’ordinamento sovranazionale il principio di sussidiarietà è un principio di struttura dell’ordinamento, laddove nella Costituzione il principio concerne formalmente le funzioni amministrative anche se la Corte Costituzionale con la nota sentenza n. 303 del 2003, in via di interpretazione, ha cercato di superare tale asimmetria tra i due ordinamenti. La seconda asimmetria ha natura politico-istituzionale e concerne la stessa origine storica del principio nei due ordinamenti. In Europa -come apparirà dal lavoro- il principio di sussidiarietà è introdotto per trovare un bilanciamento tra la sovranità storica degli Stati nazionali e la faticosa conquista di uno spazio normativo oltre che politico autonomo dell’Europa. In Italia, invece, il punto di equilibrio è rovesciato, nel senso che, all’opposto, esso si pone tra la sovranità storica dello Stato centralista ed il livello più vicino ai cittadini rappresentato dalle Regioni, che cercano di costruirsi una identità politica e normativa all’interno di uno Stato sovrano. La terza asimmetria ha natura giuridico-formale, nel senso che mentre in Europa il principio di sussidiarietà viaggia a senso unico, perché sono solo gli Stati a ricorrere contro gli atti legislativi delle istituzioni europee, posto che l’Unione europea non ha mai proposto ricorso contro gli atti legislativi statali per violazione del principio di sussidiarietà, a danno dell’Unione europea, nell’ordinamento italiano il principio di sussidiarietà non viaggia su un solo binario, ma su due binari, perché anche lo Stato può ricorrere avverso le leggi regionali per violazione del principio di sussidiarietà a danno dello Stato. La quarta asimmetria concerne il fatto che in Europa la Corte di Giustizia è arrivata, dopo un lungo percorso, a controllare le “condizioni sostanziali” che devono ricorrere per l’applicazione del principio di sussidiarietà, laddove la Corte Costituzionale ha controllato, sin dall’inizio, le condizioni “sostanziali” nell’applicazione del principio di sussidiarietà e, di recente, ha richiesto la “concertazione” e, addirittura, l’intesa tra Stato e Regioni, rendendo, così, negoziabile, in concreto, il principio di sussidiarietà, in contrasto con l’orientamento della Corte di Giustizia. La quinta asimmetria concerne la condotta dello Stato italiano che invoca una applicazione del principio di sussidiarietà innanzi alla Corte di Giustizia a favore del livello più vicino ai cittadini che rispetto all’Europa è rappresentato dagli Stati, laddove davanti alla Corte Costituzionale, al di là delle enunciazioni astratte, esso tende ad applicare una filosofia regionalista a danno dell’autonomia legislativa delle Regioni. L’analisi si conclude con una riflessione sul rapporto tra la giurisprudenza in tema di sussidiarietà e la giurisprudenza in tema di controlimiti nazionali ai limiti comunitari imposti dall’ordinamento comunitario agli ordinamenti nazionali, in applicazione del principio di sussidiarietà.

La sussidiarietà tra asimmetrie giudiziali ed asimmetrie sostanziali della Corte Costituzionale e della Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea

Bocchini Francesco
2018-01-01

Abstract

“The Subsidiarity: from the judicial asymmetries to the substantial asymmetries of the Constitutional Court and the EU Court of Justice” The article aims to analyse the meaning and the scope of the principle of subsidiarity in the “living law” of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and tin the jurisprudence of the European Union Court of Justice by comparing the two different jurisprudences. The problem is if, compared to the abstract theoretical symmetries of the principle of subsidiarity in the Italian legal system and in the European legal system, there are judicial asymmetries of the jurisprudence related to the application of that principle and if, therefore, there are substantial asymmetries in the legal experience. So, after having stressed that the principle of subsidiarity, while having a judicial and non-political character, has the nature of a general clause, for which it is very elastic unlike the unquestionable judgment of the Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice, the written examines if the European Union-born principle of subsidiarity is applied in the National law and in European Union law in a different way. One wonders if it does not tend to be a two-faced Janus in the two systems. In fact, the research tends to highlight the asymmetries between the European Union legal system and the Italian legal system with regard to the concrete jurisprudential application of the principle of subsidiarity, which provides the abstract uniqueness of the theoretical enunciation. Indeed, the asymmetries are relevant despite the European ancestry of the principle of subsidiarity in the Constitution. The first asymmetry has a juridical-formal nature because in the supranational order the principle of subsidiarity is a structural principle of the legal system, while in the Constitution the principle formally concerns administrative functions, even if the Constitutional Court, with the famous sentence n. 303/2003, in the course of interpretation, has tried to overcome this asymmetry between the two systems. The second asymmetry has a political-institutional nature and concerns the same historical origin of the principle in the two systems. In Europe – as will be shown in the research – the principle of subsidiarity is introduced to find a balance between the historical sovereignty of the national States and the difficult conquest of a normative - as well as an autonomous - political space of Europe. In Italy, however, the equilibrium point is reversed, in the sense that, on contrary, it arises between the historical sovereignty of the centralist State and the level closest to the citizens represented by the Regions, which seek to build a political and normative identity within a sovereign State. The third asymmetry has a formal-juridical nature, in the sense that while in Europe the principle of subsidiarity travels in one way, because it is only the States that resort to the legislative acts of the European institutions, without prejudice to the fact that the European Union has never proposed appeal against state legislative acts for violation of the principle of subsidiarity, to the detriment of the European Union, in the Italian legal system the principle of subsidiarity doesn’t travel on one track, but on two tracks, because the State can also appeal against regional laws for violation of the principle of subsidiarity to the detriment of the State. The fourth asymmetry concerns the fact that in Europe the Court of Justice has arrived, after a long journey, to control the "substantial conditions" that must be applied for the application of the principle of subsidiarity, while the Constitutional Court has controlled the "substantial" conditions in the application of the principle of subsidiarity since beginning and, recently, called for "concertation" and even the understanding between the State and the Regions, making the principle of subsidiarity concretely negotiable, in contrast with the orientation of the Court of Justice. The fifth asymmetry concerns the conduct of the Italian State that invokes an application of the principle of subsidiarity in front of the Court of Justice in favour of the level closest to the citizens who, compared to Europe, are represented by the States, while in front of the Constitutional Court, beyond the abstract enunciations, it tends to apply a regionalist philosophy to the detriment of the legislative autonomy of the regions. The analysis ends with a reflection on the relationship between the jurisprudence in the matter of subsidiarity and the jurisprudence in the matter of national counter-limits to the European Union limits imposed by the European Union legal system to the national legal systems, in application of the principle of subsidiarity.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11695/77389
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