This article analyses the Grand Chamber judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 25 November 2025 (Case C-713/23, Cupriak-Trojan), in which the Court held that Member States are obliged to recognise and record in their civil status registers a same-sex marriage contracted by their nationals in the exercise of free movement in another Member State, where registration constitutes the sole means of effective recognition provided for by the national legal order. The judgment is examined within its systematic context, as part of a coherent line of case law ‒ Coman (2018), Stolichna obshtina (2021), Mirin (2024) ‒ in relation to which it introduces original developments on three distinct levels: subjectively, by extending protection to couples in which both spouses hold Union citizenship; objectively, by going beyond function-oriented recognition and affirming a registration obligation with effects that are by nature erga omnes; and in the sphere of fundamental rights, by expressly characterising the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation as a mandatory principle of Union law. The analysis covers the German legal context in which the marriage was celebrated, with particular attention to the evolution from the Lebenspartnerschaft to the Ehe für alle and to the regime of § 1309 BGB read in conjunction with Article 17b EGBGB. The article then examines the compatibility of the Italian downgrading recognition mechanism under Article 32-bis of Law No. 218/1995 with the principles laid down by the judgment, concluding that the Italian system provides, de lege lata, effective recognition sufficient to preclude the «legal vacuum» censured by the Court, while remaining exposed to systematic pressure as regards equality of legal title — a question that may ultimately be resolved only through a preliminary reference or targeted legislative intervention. The article closes with a reflection on European citizenship as an organising principle of the Union’s legal space, conceived as a legal «bridge» between distinct national orders capable of ensuring the continuity of the individual’s personal status without imposing uniformity upon national legal systems.
Il contributo analizza la sentenza della Grande Sezione della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea del 25 novembre 2025 (causa C-713/23, Cupriak-Trojan), con la quale la Corte ha affermato l’obbligo degli Stati membri di riconoscere e trascrivere nei registri dello stato civile il matrimonio tra persone dello stesso sesso contratto da propri cittadini nell’esercizio della libertà di circolazione in un altro Stato membro, qualora la trascrizione costituisca l’unico mezzo di riconoscimento effettivo previsto dall’ordinamento nazionale. La pronuncia è esaminata nella sua collocazione sistematica all’interno di una sequenza giurisprudenziale coerente ‒ Coman (2018), Stolichna obshtina (2021), Mirin (2024) ‒ rispetto alla quale introduce sviluppi originali su tre piani distinti: soggettivo, con l’estensione della tutela alle coppie in cui entrambi i coniugi siano cittadini dell’Unione; oggettivo, con il superamento del limite del riconoscimento funzionalmente orientato attraverso l’affermazione di un obbligo di trascrizione dagli effetti tendenzialmente erga omnes; e dei diritti fondamentali, con la qualificazione espressa del divieto di discriminazione fondato sull’orientamento sessuale come principio imperativo del diritto dell’Unione. L’analisi si estende al contesto ordinamentale tedesco in cui il matrimonio fu celebrato, con particolare riguardo all’evoluzione dalla Lebenspartnerschaft all’Ehe für alle e al regime del § 1309 BGB in combinato disposto con l’art. 17b EGBGB. Viene quindi esaminata la compatibilità del meccanismo italiano di downgrading recognition di cui all’art. 32-bis della legge n. 218/1995 con i principi affermati dalla sentenza, rilevando come il sistema italiano garantisca de lege lata un riconoscimento effettivo sufficiente a escludere il «vuoto giuridico» censurato dalla Corte, pur restando esposto a una pressione sistematica in ordine alla parità di titolo giuridico che potrebbe trovare soluzione soltanto attraverso un rinvio pregiudiziale o un intervento legislativo mirato. Il lavoro si conclude con una riflessione sulla cittadinanza europea come principio organizzativo dello spazio giuridico dell’Unione, intesa come «diritto-ponte» tra ordinamenti distinti capace di garantire la continuità dello status personale del cittadino senza imporre l’uniformazione degli ordinamenti nazionali.
Status familiare e cittadinanza europea: la qualificazione del matrimonio egualitario dopo la sentenza Cupriak-Trojan
Varanese, Giovanni
2026-01-01
Abstract
This article analyses the Grand Chamber judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 25 November 2025 (Case C-713/23, Cupriak-Trojan), in which the Court held that Member States are obliged to recognise and record in their civil status registers a same-sex marriage contracted by their nationals in the exercise of free movement in another Member State, where registration constitutes the sole means of effective recognition provided for by the national legal order. The judgment is examined within its systematic context, as part of a coherent line of case law ‒ Coman (2018), Stolichna obshtina (2021), Mirin (2024) ‒ in relation to which it introduces original developments on three distinct levels: subjectively, by extending protection to couples in which both spouses hold Union citizenship; objectively, by going beyond function-oriented recognition and affirming a registration obligation with effects that are by nature erga omnes; and in the sphere of fundamental rights, by expressly characterising the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation as a mandatory principle of Union law. The analysis covers the German legal context in which the marriage was celebrated, with particular attention to the evolution from the Lebenspartnerschaft to the Ehe für alle and to the regime of § 1309 BGB read in conjunction with Article 17b EGBGB. The article then examines the compatibility of the Italian downgrading recognition mechanism under Article 32-bis of Law No. 218/1995 with the principles laid down by the judgment, concluding that the Italian system provides, de lege lata, effective recognition sufficient to preclude the «legal vacuum» censured by the Court, while remaining exposed to systematic pressure as regards equality of legal title — a question that may ultimately be resolved only through a preliminary reference or targeted legislative intervention. The article closes with a reflection on European citizenship as an organising principle of the Union’s legal space, conceived as a legal «bridge» between distinct national orders capable of ensuring the continuity of the individual’s personal status without imposing uniformity upon national legal systems.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


