This paper examines the legal issues raised by influencer marketing through a comparative analysis of the solutions developed in the Italian, German and French legal systems. The research stems from the observation of the peculiar nature of the relationship established between influencer and follower, characterized by a structural information asymmetry and a particular fiduciary bond that is difficult to fit into the traditional categories of civil liability. After reconstructing the evolution of the European regulatory framework, with particular reference to Directive 2005/29/EC, the Omnibus Directive and the Digital Services Act, the investigation focuses on the analysis of an emblematic case in the Italian experience (the so-called «Pandorogate»), highlighting the limitations of the current remedial system. The comparison with the German legal system allows for an in-depth examination of the Vertrauenshaftung (reliance liability) paradigm based on the notion of Sonderverbindung (special relationship) and codified in § 311, paragraph 3, BGB. This theoretical construction is then compared with the Italian doctrine of «qualified social contact» (contatto sociale qualificato), evaluating its potential applications in the context of influencer marketing. The analysis concludes with a critical examination of French Law No. 2023-451 of June 9, 2023, the first comprehensive legislative framework in this field, highlighting both its innovative aspects and problematic profiles. It is argued that, pending a unified regulatory approach to the phenomenon, the application of general principles of civil law, particularly the concept of reliance liability, represents an interpretative solution consistent with the legal system, capable of filling the protection gap that has emerged in practical application.

Il presente contributo esamina le problematiche giuridiche sollevate dall’influencer marketing attraverso un’analisi comparata delle soluzioni elaborate negli ordinamenti italiano, tedesco e francese. La ricerca muove dalla constatazione della peculiare natura del rapporto che si instaura tra influencer e follower, caratterizzato da un’asimmetria informativa strutturale e da un particolare vincolo fiduciario che difficilmente si inquadra nelle categorie tradizionali della responsabilità civile. L’indagine, dopo aver ricostruito l’evoluzione del quadro normativo europeo, con particolare riferimento alla Direttiva 2005/29/CE, alla Direttiva Omnibus e al Digital Services Act, si sofferma sull’analisi di un caso emblematico nell’esperienza italiana (cd. «Pandorogate»), mettendo in luce i limiti dell’attuale sistema rimediale. La comparazione con l'ordinamento tedesco consente di approfondire il paradigma della Vertrauenshaftung (responsabilità per affidamento) fondato sulla nozione di Sonderverbindung (relazione particolare) e codificato nel § 311, comma 3, BGB. Tale costruzione teorica viene poi confrontata con la dottrina italiana del contatto sociale qualificato, valutandone le potenzialità applicative nel contesto dell’influencer marketing. L’analisi si conclude con l’esame critico della legge francese n. 2023-451 del 9 giugno 2023, primo intervento organico in materia, evidenziandone tanto gli aspetti innovativi quanto i profili problematici. Si argomenta che, in attesa di una regolamentazione unitaria del fenomeno, l’applicazione dei principi generali del diritto civile, in particolare l’istituto della responsabilità per affidamento, si configura come soluzione interpretativa coerente con il sistema, capace di colmare il vuoto di tutela emerso nella prassi applicativa.

Considerazioni sui profili giuridici dell’influencer marketing

Varanese
2025-01-01

Abstract

This paper examines the legal issues raised by influencer marketing through a comparative analysis of the solutions developed in the Italian, German and French legal systems. The research stems from the observation of the peculiar nature of the relationship established between influencer and follower, characterized by a structural information asymmetry and a particular fiduciary bond that is difficult to fit into the traditional categories of civil liability. After reconstructing the evolution of the European regulatory framework, with particular reference to Directive 2005/29/EC, the Omnibus Directive and the Digital Services Act, the investigation focuses on the analysis of an emblematic case in the Italian experience (the so-called «Pandorogate»), highlighting the limitations of the current remedial system. The comparison with the German legal system allows for an in-depth examination of the Vertrauenshaftung (reliance liability) paradigm based on the notion of Sonderverbindung (special relationship) and codified in § 311, paragraph 3, BGB. This theoretical construction is then compared with the Italian doctrine of «qualified social contact» (contatto sociale qualificato), evaluating its potential applications in the context of influencer marketing. The analysis concludes with a critical examination of French Law No. 2023-451 of June 9, 2023, the first comprehensive legislative framework in this field, highlighting both its innovative aspects and problematic profiles. It is argued that, pending a unified regulatory approach to the phenomenon, the application of general principles of civil law, particularly the concept of reliance liability, represents an interpretative solution consistent with the legal system, capable of filling the protection gap that has emerged in practical application.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11695/147590
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