Nowadays, consumers all over the world are ever more concerned about having a healthy and balanced nutrition and, in this sense, the consumption of vegetables and vegetable-based products could play a fundamental role. In fact, the beneficial effects on human health deriving from the intake of vegetable products are now widely recognized. Many epidemiological studies report the positive correlation between the vegetables and vegetable-based products consumption and the reduced risk of several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, cataracts and several forms of cancer. These positive effects are the result of the synergic action of the several bioactive compounds and micronutrients of which vegetable products (vegetables, fruits, herbs, legumes, cereals or even oils) are characterized, for example, carotenoids, tocols, dietary fiber, flavonoids and other phenolics, vitamins, minerals and many other phytonutrients. This convincing evidence suggests that a change in dietary behavior such as an increasing consumption of fruit, vegetables, and grains is a practical strategy for significantly reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Prevention is a more effective strategy than treatment of chronic diseases. The level of bioactive compounds in vegetable products could depend on botanical family, growing conditions, storage and food processing carried out. Nevertheless, it should be considered that there might be bioactive compounds losses in the final product during processing, cooking and storage, due to the influence of several factors such as temperature, light, air, pH, moisture content, water activity. All this causes alter their structure and induce significant changes in chemical composition, nutritional value and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. The study of these products could help in predicting losses during processing and in identifying the best technological conditions for process optimization and preservation of their content and their bioavailability in food. In the light of these considerations, in this doctoral thesis, the aim of the research was the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of bioactive compounds of different vegetable products, the influence of the technological treatments on their content, the identification of product and process markers and, finally, the development of healthy foods enriched with the identified bioactive compounds. The reserch was developed on three main activities: 1. Gluten-free minor cereals and pseudocereals were characterized for their nutritional value, with a particular focus on some bioactive compounds (carotenoids and tocols) and hydrosoluble vitamins (thiamine and riboflavin), in order to increase the awareness of their nutritional profile. 2. The determination of tocols and fatty acids of commercial and laboratory made bakery products, together with chemiometric analysis, was used to discriminate among different oils and fats in the investigated products. On realized products, the effect of technological treatments of the tocol amount was studied. 3. Investigation of local wild plants, comparing them with those marketed, through their nutritional characterization and the analysis of bioactive compounds. Since the leafy vegetables under study are also consumed after cooking, the nutritional evaluation could not be made without considering changes of bioactive compounds due to principal thermal treatments, such as boiling and steaming. To have a more complete picture, in this last part, the research activities focused on the development of a protocol for the production of traditional innovative healthy foods with the investigated leafy vegetables, considering the significant quantities of found bioactive compounds. The nutritional and sensorial characteristics of the made final products were evaluated. The results obtained in the first part of the experimentation can provide more information on bioactive compounds in gluten-free minor cereals and also pseudocereals, in order to increase the awareness of their nutritional profile, to date limited in literature. All analyzed samples showed a high content of bioactive compounds; in particular, amaranth, cañihua and quinoa are good sources of vitamin E, while millet, sorghum and teff are good sources of thiamine. Moreover, millet provides a fair amount of carotenoids, and in particular of lutein. In view of these results, it is possible to use the combined mix of these flours in order to improve the nutritional value of cereal-based gluten-free products and avoid the monotony of the celiac diet. The second research area aims at verifying the origin of vegetable oils and fats in commercial and laboratory made bakery products. The combined use of the profile of fatty acids and tocols present in biscuits was used to demonstrate the correspondence between the profile of these indices and the vegetable oils, fats or their blends, used as ingredients. The reported results showed significant differences in the tocol and fatty acids profiles, which reflected the tocol and fatty acids composition of the specific fat/oil used as ingredient, providing the possibility to use these compounds as markers to identify the origin of the oils/fats used. Moreover, the obtained data can provide more information on the effects of technological treatments on tocols in biscuits. Finally, the third research area dealt with the study of different green leafy vegetables, chosen because of their wide diffusion in several traditional recipes of the Mediterranean diet. They were four wild edible plants, Sonchus asper L. Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), Crepis vesicaria and chard (Beta vulgaris), and two more commercial ones, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). All the samples were examined for their nutritional composition and their content of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, tocols, polyphenol, flavonoid, hydrosoluble vitamins and antioxidant activity. Analysis of data shows that all species were found to be sources of carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-βcarotene and 13-cis-β-carotene) and xanthophylls (violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). Furthermore, they possessed good amounts of tocols, in particular α-tocopherol and -tocopherol. Therefore, the analyzed plants can be declared as a source of fiber, vitamin A and E, considering the recommended daily allowance (RDA) established by the EU Regulation. All plants showed a good amount of thiamin. Most of the green leafy vegetables are consumed in-house after removing no edible parts, washing, cutting and different thermal treatments that can cause, at different degrees, damage in color, taste and the nutritional value. Therefore, some of these different domestic cooking treatments such as boiling and steaming were compared, in order to investigate their effect on the bioactive contents, so that to define the optimal process conditions able to reduce structural damage, preserving the nutritional and the organoleptic properties of the products. The obtained results showed that all lipophilic compounds were not affected by boiling; on the contrary, steaming slightly significantly decreased the contents of lutein and -carotene (on average 20% and 15%, respectively). For phenolic compounds it was found that, after the boiling treatment, there was a decrease of the phenolic and flavonoid content (from 40% to 80%), due to their loss in the cooking water. In this context, in the last activity of this present PhD research study, after a careful quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds in vegetable products, focused on the enrichment of food matrices with the analyzed vegetables. In particular, a cereal product, such as pasta, was used as a vehicle of beneficial substance from vegetables, being a staple food within human diet, consumed worldwide. Pasta was enriched with freeze-dried leaves of chicory, chard and spinach. Each case study addressed proved that vegetable products could be used as high value food ingredients, allowing to better satisfying consumer demand for healthy food products in a more sustainable perspective.
Al giorno d’oggi, i consumatori di tutto il mondo sono sempre più indirizzati verso un'alimentazione sana ed equilibrata e, in questo senso, il consumo di ortaggi e prodotti a base vegetale potrebbe svolgere un ruolo fondamentale. Infatti, gli effetti benefici sulla salute umana derivanti dall'assunzione di prodotti vegetali sono ormai ampiamente riconosciuti. Molti studi epidemiologici riportano la correlazione positiva tra il consumo di prodotti vegetali e il ridotto rischio di malattie non trasmissibili, come malattie cardiovascolari, diabete di tipo 2, obesità, morbo di Alzheimer, cataratta e diverse forme di cancro. Questi effetti positivi sono il risultato dell'azione sinergica dei numerosi composti bioattivi e micronutrienti di cui i prodotti vegetali (ortaggi, frutta, erbe aromatiche, legumi, cereali o anche oli) sono caratterizzati, quali carotenoidi, tocoli, fibre alimentari, flavonoidi e altri composti fenolici, vitamine, minerali e molti altri fitonutrienti. Questa prova convincente suggerisce che un cambiamento nel comportamento alimentare, come un aumento del consumo di frutta, verdura e cereali è una strategia pratica per ridurre significativamente l'incidenza delle malattie croniche. La prevenzione è la strategia più efficace del trattamento delle malattie croniche. Il livello di composti bioattivi negli alimenti vegetali dipende da molteplici fattori: dalla famiglia botanica, dalle condizioni di crescita, dalle condizioni in post-raccolta, ma anche dalla conservazione e dalla lavorazione degli alimenti praticata. Infatti, si deve considerare che possono verificarsi perdite di composti bioattivi nel prodotto finale durante la lavorazione, la cottura e la conservazione a causa dell'influenza di diversi fattori quali temperatura, luce, aria, pH, umidità e attività dell'acqua. Tutto ciò può alterare la struttura e indurre a cambiamenti significativi nella composizione chimica, nel valore nutritivo e nella biodisponibilità dei composti bioattivi. Lo studio di questi prodotti potrebbe aiutare a prevenire le perdite durante la lavorazione e ad identificare le migliori condizioni tecnologiche per l'ottimizzazione dei processi e la conservazione degli alimenti al fine di prevenire il contenuto e la biodisponibilità dei composti bioattivi. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, in questa tesi di dottorato, la ricerca è stata indirizzata alla valutazione qualitativa e quantitativa dei composti bioattivi presenti in diversi prodotti vegetali, sull'influenza che possono avere i trattamenti tecnologici sul loro contenuto, sulla possibile identificazione di marcatori di prodotto e di processo, ed infine sullo sviluppo di alimenti salutistici arricchiti con i composti bioattivi identificati. La ricerca si è sviluppata in tre attività principali: 1. Caratterizzazione dei cereali minori e pseudocereali senza glutine per il loro valore nutrizionale, con particolare attenzione ad alcuni composti bioattivi (carotenoidi e tocoli) e vitamine idrosolubili (tiamina e riboflavina), al fine di aumentare la consapevolezza del loro profilo nutrizionale. 2. Determinazione dei tocoli e degli acidi grassi presenti nei prodotti da forno commerciali e realizzati in laboratorio. Il profilo di tocoli e acidi grassi, unitamente all’analisi chemiometrica, è stato utilizzato per discriminare i diversi oli e grassi impiegati nei prodotti esaminati. Inoltre, sui prodotti realizzati è stato valutato l'effetto dei trattamenti tecnologici sulla quantità dei tocoli presenti. 3. Indagine sulle piante spontanee locali confrontandole con quelle commerciali, attraverso la loro caratterizzazione nutrizionale e l'analisi dei composti bioattivi. Dal momento che i vegetali oggetto di studio vengono consumati anche dopo la cottura, la valutazione nutrizionale non potrebbe essere fatta senza considerare le variazioni dei composti bioattivi dovute ai trattamenti termici domestici, quali cottura tradizionale e cottura a vapore. Per avere un quadro più completo, in quest’ultima parte, le attività di ricerca hanno portato allo sviluppo di un protocollo per la produzione di cibi tradizionali salutistici e innovativi con i vegetali studiati, considerando le loro quantità significative di composti bioattivi. Sono state valutate le caratteristiche nutrizionali e sensoriali dei prodotti realizzati. I risultati ottenuti nella prima parte della sperimentazione, possono fornire maggiori informazioni sui composti bioattivi presenti nei cereali minori e peseudo cereali senza glutine, al fine di aumentare la consapevolezza del loro profilo nutrizionale, ad oggi molto carente in letteratura. Tutti i campioni analizzati hanno mostrato un elevato contenuto di composti bioattivi; in particolare, l’amaranto, la cañihua e la quinoa sono risultate buone fonti di vitamina E, mentre miglio, sorgo e teff sono buone fonti di tiamina. Il miglio, inoltre, fornisce una discreta quantità di carotenoidi, nello specifico di luteina. Alla luce dei dati ottenuti, è possibile utilizzare la miscela combinata di queste farine per migliorare il valore nutritivo dei prodotti senza glutine a base di cereali ed evitare così la monotonia della dieta per i celiaci. La seconda area di ricerca trattata riguarda lo studio di un metodo, finalizzato alla verifica dell'origine di oli e grassi vegetali nei prodotti da forno commerciali e realizzati in laboratorio. Lo sviluppo del metodo ha previsto l'uso combinato del profilo in acidi grassi e tocoli presenti nei biscotti per dimostrare la corrispondenza tra il profilo di questi indici e gli ingredienti utilizzati come oli vegetali, grassi o loro miscele. I risultati ottenuti mostrano differenze significative del profilo in acidi grassi e tocoli, che riflettono la composizione dei tocoli e degli acidi grassi del grasso specifico utilizzato come ingrediente, offrendo la possibilità di utilizzare questi composti come marker per identificare l'origine degli oli/grassi utilizzati come ingrediente. Inoltre, i dati ottenuti contribuiscono a fornire maggiori informazioni sugli effetti dei trattamenti tecnologici sui tocoli nei biscotti. Infine, la terza area di ricerca indagata riguarda lo studio di specie diverse di vegetali a foglia verde, scelti in base alla loro ampia diffusione in diverse ricette tradizionali della dieta Mediterranea. Sono state analizzate quattro piante selvatiche commestibili, quali Sonchus asper L., Sonchus oleraceus L., Crepis vesicaria L., (Asteraceae), e bieta (Beta vulgaris), ed altre due piante commerciali, ossia spinaci (Spinacia oleracea L.) e cicoria (Cichorium intybus L.). Tutti i campioni sono stati esaminati per la loro composizione nutrizionale e il loro contenuto di composti bioattivi, quali carotenoidi, tocoli, polifenoli, flavonoidi, vitamine idrosolubili, fibra alimentare ed infine, è stata determinata l’attività antiossidante. Dall'analisi dei dati si può che tutte le specie sono risultate essere fonti di caroteni (α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene e 13-cis-β-carotene) e xantofille (violaxantina, neoxantina, luteina, zeaxantina e β-criptoxantina). Inoltre, possiedono buone quantità di tocoli, dove i maggiori composti presenti sono stati l’α-tocoferolo e il -tocoferolo. Per tali ragioni, le piante analizzate possono essere dichiarate come fonte di vitamina A ed E, considerando la dose giornaliera raccomandata (RDA) stabilita dal Regolamento UE. Tutte le piante hanno mostrato di possedere una buona quantità di tiamina. La maggior parte delle verdure a foglia verde, viene consumata in casa dopo aver rimosso le parti edibili, lavaggio, tagli e diversi trattamenti termici che possono causare, a diversi gradi, danni al colore, al gusto e al valore nutrizionale. Pertanto, due diversi trattamenti di cottura domestica (bollitura e vapore) sono stati confrontati, al fine di indagarne l'effetto sul contenuto dei composti bioattivi, in modo da definire le condizioni di processo ottimali in grado di ridurre i danni strutturali, preservando così le proprietà nutritive e organolettiche di partenza dei prodotti. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato che tutti i composti lipofili non sono influenzati dalla cottura tradizionale, al contrario, la cottura a vapore ha ridotto in modo leggermente significativo il contenuto di luteina e -carotene (rispettivamente, in media, del 20% e del 15%). Per i composti fenolici è stato riscontrato che, dopo il trattamento di cottura tradizionale, si è verificata una diminuzione del contenuto fenolico e di flavonoidi (dal 40% all'80%), a causa della loro perdita nell'acqua di cottura. L’ultima attività del presente studio di ricerca di dottorato, dopo un'attenta analisi quantitativa dei composti bioattivi nei prodotti vegetali a foglia verde, si è conclusa con l’arricchimento di matrici alimentari con i vegetali analizzati. In particolare, prodotti a base di cereali, come la pasta, sono stati utilizzati come veicolo di sostanze benefiche, essendo alimento base nella dieta umana consumata in tutto il mondo. La pasta è stata arricchita con liofilizzati di foglie di cicoria, bieta e spinaci. Ogni caso di studio affrontato ha dimostrato che i prodotti vegetali a foglia verde possono essere utilizzati come ingredienti alimentari ad alto valore bioattivo, consentendo di soddisfare al meglio la domanda dei consumatori di prodotti alimentari salutistici, in una prospettiva più sostenibile.
Evaluation of the influence of technological treatments on bioactive compounds in vegetable foods
D'AGOSTINO, ANNACRISTINA
2022-09-26
Abstract
Nowadays, consumers all over the world are ever more concerned about having a healthy and balanced nutrition and, in this sense, the consumption of vegetables and vegetable-based products could play a fundamental role. In fact, the beneficial effects on human health deriving from the intake of vegetable products are now widely recognized. Many epidemiological studies report the positive correlation between the vegetables and vegetable-based products consumption and the reduced risk of several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, cataracts and several forms of cancer. These positive effects are the result of the synergic action of the several bioactive compounds and micronutrients of which vegetable products (vegetables, fruits, herbs, legumes, cereals or even oils) are characterized, for example, carotenoids, tocols, dietary fiber, flavonoids and other phenolics, vitamins, minerals and many other phytonutrients. This convincing evidence suggests that a change in dietary behavior such as an increasing consumption of fruit, vegetables, and grains is a practical strategy for significantly reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Prevention is a more effective strategy than treatment of chronic diseases. The level of bioactive compounds in vegetable products could depend on botanical family, growing conditions, storage and food processing carried out. Nevertheless, it should be considered that there might be bioactive compounds losses in the final product during processing, cooking and storage, due to the influence of several factors such as temperature, light, air, pH, moisture content, water activity. All this causes alter their structure and induce significant changes in chemical composition, nutritional value and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. The study of these products could help in predicting losses during processing and in identifying the best technological conditions for process optimization and preservation of their content and their bioavailability in food. In the light of these considerations, in this doctoral thesis, the aim of the research was the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of bioactive compounds of different vegetable products, the influence of the technological treatments on their content, the identification of product and process markers and, finally, the development of healthy foods enriched with the identified bioactive compounds. The reserch was developed on three main activities: 1. Gluten-free minor cereals and pseudocereals were characterized for their nutritional value, with a particular focus on some bioactive compounds (carotenoids and tocols) and hydrosoluble vitamins (thiamine and riboflavin), in order to increase the awareness of their nutritional profile. 2. The determination of tocols and fatty acids of commercial and laboratory made bakery products, together with chemiometric analysis, was used to discriminate among different oils and fats in the investigated products. On realized products, the effect of technological treatments of the tocol amount was studied. 3. Investigation of local wild plants, comparing them with those marketed, through their nutritional characterization and the analysis of bioactive compounds. Since the leafy vegetables under study are also consumed after cooking, the nutritional evaluation could not be made without considering changes of bioactive compounds due to principal thermal treatments, such as boiling and steaming. To have a more complete picture, in this last part, the research activities focused on the development of a protocol for the production of traditional innovative healthy foods with the investigated leafy vegetables, considering the significant quantities of found bioactive compounds. The nutritional and sensorial characteristics of the made final products were evaluated. The results obtained in the first part of the experimentation can provide more information on bioactive compounds in gluten-free minor cereals and also pseudocereals, in order to increase the awareness of their nutritional profile, to date limited in literature. All analyzed samples showed a high content of bioactive compounds; in particular, amaranth, cañihua and quinoa are good sources of vitamin E, while millet, sorghum and teff are good sources of thiamine. Moreover, millet provides a fair amount of carotenoids, and in particular of lutein. In view of these results, it is possible to use the combined mix of these flours in order to improve the nutritional value of cereal-based gluten-free products and avoid the monotony of the celiac diet. The second research area aims at verifying the origin of vegetable oils and fats in commercial and laboratory made bakery products. The combined use of the profile of fatty acids and tocols present in biscuits was used to demonstrate the correspondence between the profile of these indices and the vegetable oils, fats or their blends, used as ingredients. The reported results showed significant differences in the tocol and fatty acids profiles, which reflected the tocol and fatty acids composition of the specific fat/oil used as ingredient, providing the possibility to use these compounds as markers to identify the origin of the oils/fats used. Moreover, the obtained data can provide more information on the effects of technological treatments on tocols in biscuits. Finally, the third research area dealt with the study of different green leafy vegetables, chosen because of their wide diffusion in several traditional recipes of the Mediterranean diet. They were four wild edible plants, Sonchus asper L. Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), Crepis vesicaria and chard (Beta vulgaris), and two more commercial ones, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). All the samples were examined for their nutritional composition and their content of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, tocols, polyphenol, flavonoid, hydrosoluble vitamins and antioxidant activity. Analysis of data shows that all species were found to be sources of carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-βcarotene and 13-cis-β-carotene) and xanthophylls (violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). Furthermore, they possessed good amounts of tocols, in particular α-tocopherol and -tocopherol. Therefore, the analyzed plants can be declared as a source of fiber, vitamin A and E, considering the recommended daily allowance (RDA) established by the EU Regulation. All plants showed a good amount of thiamin. Most of the green leafy vegetables are consumed in-house after removing no edible parts, washing, cutting and different thermal treatments that can cause, at different degrees, damage in color, taste and the nutritional value. Therefore, some of these different domestic cooking treatments such as boiling and steaming were compared, in order to investigate their effect on the bioactive contents, so that to define the optimal process conditions able to reduce structural damage, preserving the nutritional and the organoleptic properties of the products. The obtained results showed that all lipophilic compounds were not affected by boiling; on the contrary, steaming slightly significantly decreased the contents of lutein and -carotene (on average 20% and 15%, respectively). For phenolic compounds it was found that, after the boiling treatment, there was a decrease of the phenolic and flavonoid content (from 40% to 80%), due to their loss in the cooking water. In this context, in the last activity of this present PhD research study, after a careful quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds in vegetable products, focused on the enrichment of food matrices with the analyzed vegetables. In particular, a cereal product, such as pasta, was used as a vehicle of beneficial substance from vegetables, being a staple food within human diet, consumed worldwide. Pasta was enriched with freeze-dried leaves of chicory, chard and spinach. Each case study addressed proved that vegetable products could be used as high value food ingredients, allowing to better satisfying consumer demand for healthy food products in a more sustainable perspective.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_A_D-Agostino.pdf
Open Access dal 27/09/2023
Descrizione: Tesi di Dottorato
Dimensione
4.62 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.62 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.