In the last 50 years the exponential increase in pollution, including heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), has led to numerous alterations involving various animal species, such as the worrisome decrease of honeybees, the pollinating insects par excellence. Because of their immobility, plants must constantly face various stresses (both abiotic and biotic) exploiting their ability to adapt to environmental changes. It has been demonstrated that proline-mediated protection mechanisms, with scavenger actions, are activated under stress (water, heavy metal etc.) conditions. Amino acids are always present in the nectar of angiosperms, and proline represents 70% of pollen aminoacids. Free amino acids can be strong attractants for insects, in particular for bees, that are able to recognize proline taste. Indeed proline is particularly important for insects, so as to be the most abundant aminoacid in the hemolymph of many of them, including bees. These evidences suggest a bees-proline evolutionary relationship. In addition to the flowers, also the leaves, through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can play an important role in the process of attraction or repulsion of insects. The complexity of plant-insect communication via VOCs, based on the sophisticated perception mechanisms of insects, and their behavioral responses, have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this work was to show whether the proline increase and the VOCs pattern change, induced by Cd contamination, could influence the ability of bees to perceive the polluted plants. To achieve this purpose analytical techniques like HPLC, GC-MS, PTR-qTOF and ICP have been used, as well as bioassays like honeybees feed test and EAG recordings. The work was conducted on Medicago sativa L. plants grown on polluted substrate with Cd (10 and 20 ppm), and the proline increase was confirmed. The VOCs analyses showed that the major changes, in terms of secondary metabolism, took place mainly at leaf tissues, with a higher increase in VOCs, respect to the flowers. The EAG results allowed to speculate a preference of the honeybee towards polluted plants. However the feed test showed that 3.2 mMol, in a range from 0 to 6.4, is the concentration to which it corresponds the major quantity of foraged nectar, thus generating a gaussian profile between the quantity of nutrient solution taken and the proline concentration. This response lends itself to two interpretations; the proline at high concentration in the nectar generates: 1) a repellent threshold that leads the bees to stop feeding or 2) a metabolic saturation both in bioenergetics terms and azotorganic substances. Further studies will be needed to clarify this crucial aspect because only in the first case bees will completely avoid feeding on polluted plants and, consequently: a) they will not produce polluted honey and other beehive products, b) such behaviour will not limit the adoption of phytodepuration techniques of soils polluted with cadmium.
Negli ultimi 50 anni l'aumento esponenziale dell'inquinamento, compreso quello da metalli pesanti, come il cadmio (Cd), ha portato a numerose alterazioni che coinvolgono varie specie animali, come la preoccupante diminuzione di api, insetto pronubo per eccellenza. A causa della loro immobilità, le piante devono affrontare costantemente vari stress (sia abiotici che biotici) sfruttando la loro capacità di adattamento ai cambiamenti ambientali. È stato dimostrato che nei periodi di stress (idrico, da metalli pesanti ecc.) si attivano meccanismi di protezione mediati dalla prolina, che hanno un’azione scavenger. Gli aminoacidi sono sempre presenti nel nettare delle angiosperme, e la prolina rappresenta il 70% degli aminoacidi pollinici. Gli aminoacidi liberi possono agire da potenti attrattivi per gli insetti e in particolare per le api. La prolina, infatti, è l'amminoacido più abbondante nell'emolinfa di molte specie, compreso le api. Queste evidenze suggeriscono un rapporto evolutivo api-prolina. Oltre al sistema fiorale, anche le foglie, attraverso l'emissione di sostanze volatili (VOCs), possono svolgere un ruolo importante nel processo di attrazione o repellenza degli insetti. La complessità della comunicazione pianta-insetto mediata dai VOCs, basata sui sofisticati meccanismi di percezione degli insetti, e sulle loro risposte comportamentali, deve ancora essere completamente chiarito. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di mostrare se l'aumento della prolina ed il cambiamento del patter dei VOCs, indotto dalla contaminazione da Cd, possa influenzare la capacità delle api di percepire le piante inquinate. Per perseguire questo scopo sono state utilizzate tecniche analitiche come HPLC, GC.MS, PTR-qTOF e ICP, oltre a biosaggi come un test di alimentazione delle api e registrazioni EAG. Il lavoro è stato condotto su Medicago sativa L. coltivata su substrato inquinato con Cd (10 - 20ppm), ed è stato confermato l’aumento della prolina. Le analisi dei VOCs hanno mostrato che i cambiamenti maggiori, in termini di metabolismo secondario, avvenivano principalmente a livello dei tessuti fogliari, con un maggior aumento dell’emissione di VOCs rispetto ai fiori. I risultati EAG hanno permesso di ipotizzare una preferenza delle api per le piante inquinate. Tuttavia il biosaggio ha mostrato che 3.2 mMol, in un intervallo da 0 a 6.4, è la concentrazione a cui corrisponde la maggiore quantità di nettare bottinato, generando un profilo gaussiano tra la quantità di nutrimento assunta e la concentrazione di prolina. Questa risposta si presta a due possibili interpretazioni; la prolina ad alta concentrazione nel nettare genera: 1) un effetto repellente che induce le api ad interrompere l’alimentazione 2) una saturazione metabolica sia in termini bioenergetici che di sostanze azotorganiche. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per chiarire questo aspetto cruciale, poiché solo nel primo caso le api evitano del tutto di nutrirsi di piante inquinate e, di conseguenza: a) non produrranno miele e altri prodotti dell’alvere inquinati, b) questo comportamento non limita l’adozione di tecniche di fitodepurazione dei terreni inquinati da cadmio.
Evaluation of proline increase in plant parts stimulated by cadmium and detected by honey bee as environmental indicator
TORINO, Valentina
2022-09-26
Abstract
In the last 50 years the exponential increase in pollution, including heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), has led to numerous alterations involving various animal species, such as the worrisome decrease of honeybees, the pollinating insects par excellence. Because of their immobility, plants must constantly face various stresses (both abiotic and biotic) exploiting their ability to adapt to environmental changes. It has been demonstrated that proline-mediated protection mechanisms, with scavenger actions, are activated under stress (water, heavy metal etc.) conditions. Amino acids are always present in the nectar of angiosperms, and proline represents 70% of pollen aminoacids. Free amino acids can be strong attractants for insects, in particular for bees, that are able to recognize proline taste. Indeed proline is particularly important for insects, so as to be the most abundant aminoacid in the hemolymph of many of them, including bees. These evidences suggest a bees-proline evolutionary relationship. In addition to the flowers, also the leaves, through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can play an important role in the process of attraction or repulsion of insects. The complexity of plant-insect communication via VOCs, based on the sophisticated perception mechanisms of insects, and their behavioral responses, have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this work was to show whether the proline increase and the VOCs pattern change, induced by Cd contamination, could influence the ability of bees to perceive the polluted plants. To achieve this purpose analytical techniques like HPLC, GC-MS, PTR-qTOF and ICP have been used, as well as bioassays like honeybees feed test and EAG recordings. The work was conducted on Medicago sativa L. plants grown on polluted substrate with Cd (10 and 20 ppm), and the proline increase was confirmed. The VOCs analyses showed that the major changes, in terms of secondary metabolism, took place mainly at leaf tissues, with a higher increase in VOCs, respect to the flowers. The EAG results allowed to speculate a preference of the honeybee towards polluted plants. However the feed test showed that 3.2 mMol, in a range from 0 to 6.4, is the concentration to which it corresponds the major quantity of foraged nectar, thus generating a gaussian profile between the quantity of nutrient solution taken and the proline concentration. This response lends itself to two interpretations; the proline at high concentration in the nectar generates: 1) a repellent threshold that leads the bees to stop feeding or 2) a metabolic saturation both in bioenergetics terms and azotorganic substances. Further studies will be needed to clarify this crucial aspect because only in the first case bees will completely avoid feeding on polluted plants and, consequently: a) they will not produce polluted honey and other beehive products, b) such behaviour will not limit the adoption of phytodepuration techniques of soils polluted with cadmium.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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