In recent decades, the consumers have become more health conscious paying more attention to nutrition and health claims, choosing niche products such as organic or products that do not include the use of GMOs in animal’s diet, paying particular attention to animal welfare. Regarding animal welfare, the intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the physiology of the animal. In recent years, in ovo technology has enabled the administration of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to the embryo at an early stage of development, influencing the structure of microbiota in newly hatched chicks, allowing a greater protection against the risk of gastrointestinal infections, and improving productive performance and meat quality traits of treated chickens. The aim of this thesis was twofold: a) to study the effects of commercial prebiotic’s (galactooligosaccharides, GOS) in ovo injected on performance and meat quality in slow-growing chickens exposed to heat stress; b) evaluate the chickens’ meat qualitative characteristics from two different production lines of the Amadori company, Vegetale® and Campese® lines, respectively consisting of fast-growing commercial hybrids reared with intensive techniques, and slow-growing hybrids reared semi-extensively, both fed with a plant-based diet without GMOs. The evaluation was carried out through considering different factors, such as genotype, sex and slaughter age. Male chickens (Hubbard RedBro x Hubbard JA57) were used for the first study. On the 12th day of incubation, after candling, 3.000 eggs with viable embryos were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: prebiotic group (GOS) injected with a single dose of 3.5 mg of GOS/egg in 0.2 mL of physiological solution; saline group (S) injected with 0.2 mL of physiological solution (0.9% NaCl); control group (C) not injected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in free-range pens under thermoneutral conditions (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or under heat stress conditions (HS, 30 °C from 36 at 50 days; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). In vivo performances (live weight and food intake per box, mortality) were recorded, and the food conversion ratio calculated. At 50 days, 15 carcasses/treatment/temperature were randomly selected and weighed from all slaughtered chickens. The pectoral muscle was taken from each carcass and weighted, the physico-chemical analyses were carried out on the pectoral muscle. In ovo injection with GOS has a mild effect on in vivo performance and meat quality in slow-growing broilers exposed to heat stress. As expected, thermal challenge applied for the last 14 days of finisher feeding phase, had a dampening effect on growth performance. However, considering that it is the first study carried out with the aforementioned genotype, further investigations are necessary to better understand the activity of these substances on animal metabolism. In the second part of the thesis, the meat qualitative characteristics (pectoral muscle) of slow-growing commercial hybrids of different sexes (Test 1, Red 75-Campese®), and slow-growing (Test 2, Red 75-Campese®) and fast-growing (Test 3, Ross 308-Vegetale®) of different slaughter ages was assessed. The results showed that the meat of both Campese® and Vegetale® line, despite being different from a physico-chemical and nutritional point of view between males and females and between animals of different ages, was of good quality, reflecting the data reported in literature.
ultimi decenni i consumatori sono sempre più attenti all’alimentazione, scegliendo prodotti di nicchia come quelli biologici o prodotti che non prevedono l’utilizzo di OGM nella dieta degli animali, ponendo particolare attenzione al benessere animale. Relativamente al benessere animale, il microbiota intestinale svolge un ruolo chiave nella fisiologia dell’animale, ed è ormai acclarato che assicurare la salute intestinale è la chiave per garantire la salute e il benessere dell’animale. Negli ultimi anni, la tecnologia di iniezione in ovo ha permesso la somministrazione di probiotici, prebiotici e simbiotici, all’embrione in una fase iniziale di sviluppo, influenzando il microbiota nei pulcini appena nati, consentendo una maggiore protezione contro il rischio di infezioni gastrointestinali e il miglioramento delle prestazioni produttive e delle caratteristiche qualitative della carne dei polli trattati. Lo scopo della presente tesi è stato duplice: a) studiare gli effetti dell’iniezione in ovo di un prebiotico commerciale (galatto-oligosaccaridi, GOS) sulle performance e sulla qualità della carne in polli a lenta crescita esposti a stress da calore; b) valutare le caratteristiche qualitative della carne di polli di due diverse linee produttive dell’azienda Amadori, linea Vegetale® e linea Campese®, costituite rispettivamente da ibridi commerciali a rapido accrescimento, allevati con tecniche intensive, e da ibridi a lenta crescita, allevati semi-estensivamente, entrambi alimentati con una dieta a base vegetale senza OGM. La valutazione è stata effettuata considerando il genotipo, sesso ed età di macellazione. Per il primo studio sono stati utilizzati polli maschi (Hubbard RedBro x Hubbard JA57). Al 12° giorno di incubazione, dopo la speratura, 3.000 uova con embrioni vitali sono state divise casualmente in 3 gruppi sperimentali: gruppo prebiotico (GOS) iniettato con una singola dose di 3,5 mg di GOS/uovo in 0,2 mL di soluzione fisiologica; gruppo salino (S) iniettato con 0,2 mL di soluzione fisiologica (0,9% NaCl); gruppo di controllo (C) non iniettato. Dopo la schiusa, 900 pulcini maschi (300 pulcini/trattamento) sono stati allevati in recinti a terra in condizioni termoneutrali (TN; 6 box/gruppo, 25 animali/box) o in condizioni di stress termico (HS, 30°C da 36 a 50 giorni; 6 box/gruppo, 25 animali/box). Sono state registrate le performance in vivo (peso vivo e assunzione di cibo per box, mortalità) e calcolato l’indice di conversione alimentare. A 50 giorni, tra tutti i polli macellati sono state scelte random e pesate 15 carcasse/trattamento/temperatura. Da ogni carcassa è stato prelevato il muscolo pettorale e pesato, le analisi chimico-fisiche sono state effettuate sul muscolo pettorale. Il GOS ha avuto un lieve effetto sulle prestazioni in vivo e sulla qualità della carne nei polli esposti a stress da calore. Lo stress da calore ha avuto un effetto negativo sulle prestazioni di crescita degli animali. Tuttavia, considerando che si tratta del primo studio effettuato con il suddetto genotipo, sono necessarie ulteriori indagini per comprendere meglio l’attività del prebiotico sul metabolismo animale. Nella seconda parte della tesi sono state studiate le caratteristiche qualitative della carne (muscolo pettorale) di ibridi commerciali a crescita lenta di sesso diverso (Prova 1, Red 75-Campese®), e a crescita lenta (Prova 2, Red 75-Campese®) e rapida (Prova 3, Ross 308-Vegetale®) di diverse età di macellazione. I risultati hanno evidenziato che la carne della linea Campese® e Vegetale®, pur essendo differente dal punto di vista chimico-fisico e nutrizionale tra maschi e femmine e tra animali di età diverse, è risultata di buona qualità rispecchiando i dati riportati in letteratura.
Galactooligosaccharides delivered in ovo: effect on performance and meat quality traits of slow-growing broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. Survey on the quality characteristics of chicken breast meat from intensive farming
PETRECCA, Valeria
2021-10-28
Abstract
In recent decades, the consumers have become more health conscious paying more attention to nutrition and health claims, choosing niche products such as organic or products that do not include the use of GMOs in animal’s diet, paying particular attention to animal welfare. Regarding animal welfare, the intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the physiology of the animal. In recent years, in ovo technology has enabled the administration of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to the embryo at an early stage of development, influencing the structure of microbiota in newly hatched chicks, allowing a greater protection against the risk of gastrointestinal infections, and improving productive performance and meat quality traits of treated chickens. The aim of this thesis was twofold: a) to study the effects of commercial prebiotic’s (galactooligosaccharides, GOS) in ovo injected on performance and meat quality in slow-growing chickens exposed to heat stress; b) evaluate the chickens’ meat qualitative characteristics from two different production lines of the Amadori company, Vegetale® and Campese® lines, respectively consisting of fast-growing commercial hybrids reared with intensive techniques, and slow-growing hybrids reared semi-extensively, both fed with a plant-based diet without GMOs. The evaluation was carried out through considering different factors, such as genotype, sex and slaughter age. Male chickens (Hubbard RedBro x Hubbard JA57) were used for the first study. On the 12th day of incubation, after candling, 3.000 eggs with viable embryos were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: prebiotic group (GOS) injected with a single dose of 3.5 mg of GOS/egg in 0.2 mL of physiological solution; saline group (S) injected with 0.2 mL of physiological solution (0.9% NaCl); control group (C) not injected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in free-range pens under thermoneutral conditions (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or under heat stress conditions (HS, 30 °C from 36 at 50 days; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). In vivo performances (live weight and food intake per box, mortality) were recorded, and the food conversion ratio calculated. At 50 days, 15 carcasses/treatment/temperature were randomly selected and weighed from all slaughtered chickens. The pectoral muscle was taken from each carcass and weighted, the physico-chemical analyses were carried out on the pectoral muscle. In ovo injection with GOS has a mild effect on in vivo performance and meat quality in slow-growing broilers exposed to heat stress. As expected, thermal challenge applied for the last 14 days of finisher feeding phase, had a dampening effect on growth performance. However, considering that it is the first study carried out with the aforementioned genotype, further investigations are necessary to better understand the activity of these substances on animal metabolism. In the second part of the thesis, the meat qualitative characteristics (pectoral muscle) of slow-growing commercial hybrids of different sexes (Test 1, Red 75-Campese®), and slow-growing (Test 2, Red 75-Campese®) and fast-growing (Test 3, Ross 308-Vegetale®) of different slaughter ages was assessed. The results showed that the meat of both Campese® and Vegetale® line, despite being different from a physico-chemical and nutritional point of view between males and females and between animals of different ages, was of good quality, reflecting the data reported in literature.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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