In recent years, to meet consumer demand, the poultry sector experienced a strong increase in production. To this end, genetic pressure has been intense to obtain highly productive commercial hybrids that, however, are more susceptible to heat stress (HS) and to the appearance of breast muscle anomalies, as Oregon Disease (OD), White Striping (WS), Wooden Breast (WB) and Spaghetti Meat (SM). One strategy to alleviate HS in poultry is the administration of pre-probiotics or synbiotics through the technology in ovo in order to improve intestinal health, one of the main factors influencing the vulnerability of chickens to heat. In order to be effective, pre-pro and synbiotics must be administered to animals as soon as possible to offer rapid protection and early and beneficial "formation" of microbiota. The thesis involved two experimental trials. The aim of the first trial was to estimate the incidence of the emerging anomalies of poultry meat (OD, WS, WB and SM) and to investigate the effect of some ante-mortem factors (genetic type, sex, diet, average live weight, age at slaughter, transport time, duration of the pre-slaughtering stop). In the second trial, it has been assessed the meat quality traits of broiler chicken in ovo stimulated with a commercial prebiotic (galactooligosaccharide, GOS) and exposed to HS. The first investigation showed that the 43% of the analyzed breasts had at least one of the moderate stage defects and 23% of the breasts had at least one severe defect; WB was the highest myopathy (60%), followed by WS (31%), both of which were found mostly in heavy chickens. The 21% of breasts had the SM defect; however, there was no relationship between breast weight and the presence of SM. The ante-mortem factors seem to have no role in the onset of myopathies. Conversely, the growth rate is a possible cause of WB and SM. It is hypothesized that the critical factor causing the onset of myopathies could be genetic selection. In the second study, at the day 12th of incubation 3,000 eggs with viable embryos were randomly divided equally into 3 groups: group injected with prebiotic (GOS); group injected with physiological solution (S); control group (C), not injected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in floor pens in either thermoneutral (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or heat stress conditions (HS; 30°C from 32 to 42d; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). At 42 days of age, 15 animals were slaughtered per each subgroup. The pectoral muscle (PM) was taken from the all carcasses for physical-chemical analyses. This study showed that in ovo treatment did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on breast weight, pH, WHC, cooking losses, shear force, proximate composition, cholesterol and collagen content of PM; while, it affected (P<0.05) the color descriptors (L * and b*). Total PUFA and n-6 content was slightly lower in the GOS group than in S; while, the GOS did not affect the total content of SFA, MUFA, PUFA and nutritional indexes (n-6/n-3, P/S, AI, TI). HS has reduced (P<0.01) the weight of the PM, increased the pH (P<0.01) and the total lipid content, as well as influenced the color (L *, b *). HS had a marginal effect on the composition of lipids, as well as on the individual fatty acids and on the nutritional indexes. Significant interactions between factors were found for L*, a*, lipid, ash, SFA, MUFA and nutritional indexes. In conclusion, the injection in ovo of the prebiotic GOS seems to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on some qualitative parameters of the meat.
Il settore avicolo ha registrato negli ultimi anni un incremento della produzione per soddisfare l’elevata domanda dei consumatori. A tal fine, intensa è stata la pressione genetica per ottenere ibridi commerciali altamente produttivi. Tuttavia, i moderni ibridi di pollo sono più sensibili allo stress da calore (HS) e alla insorgenza di anomalie del petto, come Oregon Disease (OD), White Striping (WS), Wooden Breast (WB) e Spaghetti Meat (SM). Una strategia per diminuire lo HS nel settore avicolo consiste nella somministrazione in ovo di pre-probiotici o simbiotici, al fine di migliorare la salute intestinale, fattore rilevante per la vulnerabilità dei polli allo HS. Il lavoro di tesi ha riguardato 2 prove sperimentali. Lo scopo della prima prova è stato quello di stimare l'incidenza delle miopatie (OD, WS, WB e SM) in relazione ad alcuni fattori ante mortem (tipo genetico, sesso, dieta, peso vivo medio, età, tempo di trasporto, sosta al macello). Nella seconda prova è stata valutata la qualità della carne di polli stimolati in ovo con un prebiotico commerciale (galatto-oligosaccaride, GOS) ed esposti a HS. Il primo studio ha mostrato che il 43% dei petti analizzati aveva almeno un difetto allo stadio moderato e il 23% di essi almeno un difetto allo stadio grave. Il WB è risultata la miopatia più rappresentata (60%), seguita dal WS (31%), entrambe riscontrate maggiormente nei polli pesanti. Il 21% dei petti ha presentato il difetto SM, ma non correlato al peso del petto. I fattori ante-mortem sembrerebbero non avere alcun ruolo nell’insorgenza delle miopatie. Al contrario, la velocità di crescita è una possibile causa di WB e SM. Pertanto, si ipotizza che il fattore critico dell’insorgenza delle miopatie potrebbe essere la selezione genetica. Per il secondo studio sono state utilizzate 3.000 uova (Ross 308), con embrioni vitali. Al 12° giorno di incubazione, le uova sono state divise casualmente in 3 gruppi sperimentali: gruppo iniettato con prebiotico (GOS); gruppo iniettato con soluzione fisiologica (S); gruppo controllo (C), non iniettato. Dopo la schiusa, 900 pulcini maschi (300 pulcini/trattamento: 6 gabbie/gruppo, 25 animali/gabbia) sono stati allevati in gabbie collettive in condizioni di termo-neutralità (TN) e di stress termico (HS) (30° C, dal giorno 32 fino al giorno 42). Al 42° giorno di età, sono stati macellati 15 animali per gruppo. Dalle carcasse è stato prelevato il muscolo pettorale (PM) per le analisi fisico-chimiche. Questo studio ha mostrato che il trattamento in ovo non ha avuto un effetto significativo sul: peso del petto, pH, WHC, perdite da cottura, sforzo di taglio, composizione centesimale, contenuto di colesterolo e collagene del PM; mentre, ha influenzato (P< 0.05) i descrittori del colore (L* e b*). Il contenuto totale di PUFA e n-6 è risultato lievemente inferiore nel gruppo GOS rispetto ad S; mentre, il GOS non ha influenzato il contenuto totale di SFA, MUFA, PUFA e degli indici nutrizionali (n-6/n-3, P/S, AI, TI). HS ha: ridotto (P<0.01) il peso del PM, aumentato il pH (P<0.01) ed il contenuto di lipidi totali, influenzato il colore (L*, b*). HS ha avuto un effetto marginale sulla composizione del grasso, come anche sui singoli acidi grassi e sugli indici nutrizionali. Sono state trovate interazioni significative tra i fattori oggetto di studio per: L *, a *, lipidi, ceneri, SFA, MUFA e indici nutrizionali. In conclusione, l’iniezione in ovo del prebiotico GOS sembra mitigare gli effetti negativi dello stress da calore su alcuni parametri qualitativi della carne.
Modern issues in poultry meat quality: heat stress mitigation by prebiotic delivered in ovo and emergent myopathies in breast muscle
PRIORIELLO, Daniela
2020-06-03
Abstract
In recent years, to meet consumer demand, the poultry sector experienced a strong increase in production. To this end, genetic pressure has been intense to obtain highly productive commercial hybrids that, however, are more susceptible to heat stress (HS) and to the appearance of breast muscle anomalies, as Oregon Disease (OD), White Striping (WS), Wooden Breast (WB) and Spaghetti Meat (SM). One strategy to alleviate HS in poultry is the administration of pre-probiotics or synbiotics through the technology in ovo in order to improve intestinal health, one of the main factors influencing the vulnerability of chickens to heat. In order to be effective, pre-pro and synbiotics must be administered to animals as soon as possible to offer rapid protection and early and beneficial "formation" of microbiota. The thesis involved two experimental trials. The aim of the first trial was to estimate the incidence of the emerging anomalies of poultry meat (OD, WS, WB and SM) and to investigate the effect of some ante-mortem factors (genetic type, sex, diet, average live weight, age at slaughter, transport time, duration of the pre-slaughtering stop). In the second trial, it has been assessed the meat quality traits of broiler chicken in ovo stimulated with a commercial prebiotic (galactooligosaccharide, GOS) and exposed to HS. The first investigation showed that the 43% of the analyzed breasts had at least one of the moderate stage defects and 23% of the breasts had at least one severe defect; WB was the highest myopathy (60%), followed by WS (31%), both of which were found mostly in heavy chickens. The 21% of breasts had the SM defect; however, there was no relationship between breast weight and the presence of SM. The ante-mortem factors seem to have no role in the onset of myopathies. Conversely, the growth rate is a possible cause of WB and SM. It is hypothesized that the critical factor causing the onset of myopathies could be genetic selection. In the second study, at the day 12th of incubation 3,000 eggs with viable embryos were randomly divided equally into 3 groups: group injected with prebiotic (GOS); group injected with physiological solution (S); control group (C), not injected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in floor pens in either thermoneutral (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or heat stress conditions (HS; 30°C from 32 to 42d; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). At 42 days of age, 15 animals were slaughtered per each subgroup. The pectoral muscle (PM) was taken from the all carcasses for physical-chemical analyses. This study showed that in ovo treatment did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on breast weight, pH, WHC, cooking losses, shear force, proximate composition, cholesterol and collagen content of PM; while, it affected (P<0.05) the color descriptors (L * and b*). Total PUFA and n-6 content was slightly lower in the GOS group than in S; while, the GOS did not affect the total content of SFA, MUFA, PUFA and nutritional indexes (n-6/n-3, P/S, AI, TI). HS has reduced (P<0.01) the weight of the PM, increased the pH (P<0.01) and the total lipid content, as well as influenced the color (L *, b *). HS had a marginal effect on the composition of lipids, as well as on the individual fatty acids and on the nutritional indexes. Significant interactions between factors were found for L*, a*, lipid, ash, SFA, MUFA and nutritional indexes. In conclusion, the injection in ovo of the prebiotic GOS seems to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on some qualitative parameters of the meat.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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