Introduction: Anatomical, clinical and imaging findings suggest that the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes are engaged in motor control and in cognitive functions, respectively. The scope of this thesis: The material presented in this thesis provides new insights concerning the role of the cerebellum and its functional alterations in multiple sclerosis, with the application of functional MRI. The aim of our work is to focus on the different contributions of the two lobes of the cerebellum at rest, in order to better understand their different involvement in motor and cognitive functions. In the current study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to study subjects with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) while they are at rest. Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the sensori-motor and the cognitive lobes of the cerebellum and their correlation with clinical variables were investigated. Methods: We enrolled 119 patients (28 males, aged 38.9±10.1 years, mean±SD), including 91 relapsing remitting and 28 secondary progressive MS, and 42 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (HS, 13 males, aged 35.6±11.3 years). Subjects underwent a 3T MRI, including T13D, T2w and resting state functional MRI. Patients were evaluated by the Expanded Disease Status Score (EDSS) and MS functional composite scale. We used EDSS, 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) and 25 Timed Foot Walking Test (25-TFWT) as measures of motor impairment and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) as measure of cognitive functions. In each subject, cerebellum was parcelled into smCb (lobules I–V and VIII) and cCb (lobules VI–VII, IX-X) via the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox (SPM). Data were analyzed via FSL. Voxel-wise rsFC was calculated using smCb and cCb as seeds. Correlations and group differences were non-parametrically computed (Randomize, FDR corrected at p<.05). Age, lesion load, grey and white matter volumes were included as covariates of no interest. Results: Compared to HS, in MS patients rsFC between smCb and precentral gyrus, operculum and basal ganglia was decreased, while rsFC between smCb and superior parietal and prefrontal cortices, cuneus and thalamus was increased. As well, rsFC between cCb and prefrontal gyrus, lateral temporal cortex, precuneus, insula and vermis was decreased, whereas rsFC between cCb and pre- and post-central gyri, occipital and mesial temporal cortices, precuneus and thalamus was increased. Both EDSS and 9-HPT negatively correlated with rsFC of smCb with precuneus, lateral parietal cortex and post-central gyrus; 25-TFWT negatively correlated wth rsFC between smCb and the right post-central gyrus and left precuneus. PASAT positively correlated with rsFC of cCb with superior and middle frontal gyri, superior parietal and lateral occipital cortices, caudate nucleus and cerebellum. Conclusions: Cerebellar rsFC with supratentorial brain areas is altered in MS. The correlations between cerebellar rsFC and clinical scales indicate that the higher the rsFC the lower the clinical disability, in terms of both motor impairment and cognitive decline, suggesting a compensatory role of the increased cerebellar rsFC.
Introduzione: Il cervelletto è noto per essere coinvolto sia nelle funzioni motorie che in quelle cognitive del cervello, più in particolare esso presenta una suddivisione interna in parte anteriore e parte posteriore, che si differenziano per il loro diverso coinvolgimento nelle funzioni sensorimotorie e in quelle prettamente cognitive, rispettivamente. Scopo: Studiare la connettività funzionale in condizioni di resting state, ovvero di veglia rilassata, dei lobuli cerebellari coinvolti nelle funzioni sensorimotorie e di quelli coinvolti nelle funzioni cognitive, correlando con i dati clinici e con il danno strutturale, in pazienti con Sclerosi Multipla (SM). Metodi: Sono stati inclusi nello studio 119 pazienti con MS (28 maschi, età 38.9±10.1 anni, media±SD), di cui 91 Relapsing Remitting e 28 Secondary Progressive, e 42 soggetti di controllo, della stessa età e sesso (13 maschi, età 35.6±11.3 anni). I soggetti sono stati sottoposti a Risonanza Magnetica 3T, includendo sequenze come T13D, T2 ed EPI. Gli stessi sono stati esaminati con una batteria di test clinici, quali Expanded Disease Status Score (EDSS) e la scala funzionale della SM. I test EDSS, 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) e 25 Timed Foot Walking Test (25-TFWT) sono stati usati come misura di disabilità motoria, mentre il Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) come misura di disfunzione cognitiva. Il cervelletto di ciascun soggetto è stato parcellizzato in una parte sensorimotoria (smCb), dato dai lobuli I–V and VIII, e in una parte cognitiva (cCb) data dai lobuli VI–VII, IX-X, con lo Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox (SPM12). La connettività strutturale è stata studiata calcolando il volume del smCb e del cCb. I dati funzionali sono stati analizzati con FSL toolbox. La connettività funzionale in resting state (rsFC), a livello dei voxel, è stata analizzata prendendo come regioni di interesse il cervelletto sensorimotorio e quello cognitivo. Infine sono state calcolate le correlazioni con i dati clinici tramite test non parametrici (FSL Randomize, FDR corretto se p<0.05). L'età, il carico lesionale, il volume di materia bianca e materia grigia sono stati inclusi come covariate di non interesse. Risultati: I pazienti con SM, rispetto al gruppo di controllo, hanno presentato una rsFC diminuita tra il smCb e giro precentrale, opercolo e basalganglia, e una rsFC aumentata con corteccia parietale superiore, corteccia prefrontale, cuneo e talamo. La rsFC del cCb è risultata diminuita nel giro prefrontale, corteccia temporale laterale, precuneo, insula e verme del cervelletto, mentre è aumentata nel giro precentrale, postcentrale, corteccia temporale mesiale e occipitale, precuneo e talamo. L'EDSS e il 9-HPT correlano negativamente con l'rsFC dell’smCb nel precuneo, corteccia parietale laterale e giro postcentrale. Il PASAT correla positivamente con l'rsFC del cCb nel giro frontale superiore e medio, corteccia parietale superiore, corteccia occipitale laterale, nucleo caudato. I pazienti presentano atrofia cerebellare sia del smCb che del cCb. Conclusioni: La connettività funzionale del cervelletto, in condizioni di resting state, è risultata alterata con le aree sopratentoriali nei pazienti con sclerosi multipla. Le correlazioni con i dati clinici indicano che tale alterazione funzionale è associata ad una disabilità clinica minore, sia in termini di disabilità motoria che di declino cognitivo; ciò suggerisce un ruolo compensativo della rsFC cerebellare aumentata.
Resting state FMRI of the cerebellar lobes in patients with multiple sclerosis: a seed-based analysis
PASQUA, Gabriele
2020-05-11
Abstract
Introduction: Anatomical, clinical and imaging findings suggest that the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes are engaged in motor control and in cognitive functions, respectively. The scope of this thesis: The material presented in this thesis provides new insights concerning the role of the cerebellum and its functional alterations in multiple sclerosis, with the application of functional MRI. The aim of our work is to focus on the different contributions of the two lobes of the cerebellum at rest, in order to better understand their different involvement in motor and cognitive functions. In the current study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to study subjects with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) while they are at rest. Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the sensori-motor and the cognitive lobes of the cerebellum and their correlation with clinical variables were investigated. Methods: We enrolled 119 patients (28 males, aged 38.9±10.1 years, mean±SD), including 91 relapsing remitting and 28 secondary progressive MS, and 42 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (HS, 13 males, aged 35.6±11.3 years). Subjects underwent a 3T MRI, including T13D, T2w and resting state functional MRI. Patients were evaluated by the Expanded Disease Status Score (EDSS) and MS functional composite scale. We used EDSS, 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) and 25 Timed Foot Walking Test (25-TFWT) as measures of motor impairment and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) as measure of cognitive functions. In each subject, cerebellum was parcelled into smCb (lobules I–V and VIII) and cCb (lobules VI–VII, IX-X) via the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox (SPM). Data were analyzed via FSL. Voxel-wise rsFC was calculated using smCb and cCb as seeds. Correlations and group differences were non-parametrically computed (Randomize, FDR corrected at p<.05). Age, lesion load, grey and white matter volumes were included as covariates of no interest. Results: Compared to HS, in MS patients rsFC between smCb and precentral gyrus, operculum and basal ganglia was decreased, while rsFC between smCb and superior parietal and prefrontal cortices, cuneus and thalamus was increased. As well, rsFC between cCb and prefrontal gyrus, lateral temporal cortex, precuneus, insula and vermis was decreased, whereas rsFC between cCb and pre- and post-central gyri, occipital and mesial temporal cortices, precuneus and thalamus was increased. Both EDSS and 9-HPT negatively correlated with rsFC of smCb with precuneus, lateral parietal cortex and post-central gyrus; 25-TFWT negatively correlated wth rsFC between smCb and the right post-central gyrus and left precuneus. PASAT positively correlated with rsFC of cCb with superior and middle frontal gyri, superior parietal and lateral occipital cortices, caudate nucleus and cerebellum. Conclusions: Cerebellar rsFC with supratentorial brain areas is altered in MS. The correlations between cerebellar rsFC and clinical scales indicate that the higher the rsFC the lower the clinical disability, in terms of both motor impairment and cognitive decline, suggesting a compensatory role of the increased cerebellar rsFC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_G_Pasqua.pdf
Open Access dal 12/05/2021
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