Tree growth is influenced by multiple factors including, climate and competition processes. Climate change has a strong impact on growth of trees and can cause negative impacts on forests, especially in the Mediterranean basin. However, tree growth can also be influenced by competitive interactions, through the use and absorption of resources within tree communities. To quantify the level of competition between trees, competition indices are used, which are normally computed over small areas. Predicting competitive interactions over larger areas can be very important and light detection and ranging (lidar) data, could be the suitable tool. Based on these considerations, the main objective of the thesis was to identify and study the influence of climatic variations and competitive interactions on the growth of three important forest species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The work is structured into three chapters, in which the first analyzes the influence of climate and extreme events on the radial growth of beech and silver fir in mixed and pure plots along a latitudinal gradient in Italy. In the second chapter the competitive interactions in mixed and pure populations of European beech and silver fir, located at the limits of their distribution range (southern Italy) are analyzed. In the third chapter, instead, was to estimate the competition dynamics for individual trees of Norway spruce and silver fir, located in the municipality of Lavarone (Trentino), and to identify the relationship between competitive interactions and tree aboveground biomass. Overall, results highlighted the response of trees under to climate and competition processes in mountain forests in Italy. In particular, the results of the first work showed a different response only at the regional level for the maximum temperatures. In Trentino the temperatures in winter, for silver fir, and summer, for both species, had a lesser negative impact on radial growth of trees compared to southern sites. Despite this, the results obtained from the correlations (radial growth-drought indices) and from principal component analysis have shown that no plot was sensitive to summer drought. Results are important to implement operational techniques that increase species adaptation to climate change. In the second work showed that the basal area increment, under the negative influence of high competition levels and slope terrains, varied between stands. In this sense, higher competitive interactions have been observed in Molise than in Calabria. Finally, in the third work showed that lidar metrics could be used to predict the competition indices of individual trees. In addition, biomass was observed to decrease as competition increased. The results of the three works showed that for the choice of sustainable forestry options it is necessary to consider the conditions of the site where these species are found and the structure of the forest stands, in terms of density and arrangement of the trees. Furthermore, it has been found that the use of remote sensing techniques (e.g. lidar) can be very useful in the forestry field, since they can provide information on larger areas.
La crescita degli alberi è influenzata da molteplici fattori tra cui, il clima e i processi di competizione. I cambiamenti climatici hanno un forte impatto sulla crescita degli alberi e possono causare impatti negativi sulle foreste, soprattutto nel bacino del Mediterraneo. Tuttavia, la crescita degli alberi è influenzata anche dalle interazioni competitive. Per quantificare le interazioni competitive tra gli alberi vengono utilizzati indici di competizione, che normalmente sono calcolati su aree di piccole dimensioni. Prevedere le interazioni competitive su aree più estese può essere molto importante e i dati lidar (light detection and ranging) potrebbero essere lo strumento adatto. Sulla base di tali considerazioni, l’obiettivo principale della tesi è stato quello di individuare l’influenza delle variazioni climatiche e delle interazioni competitive sulla crescita di tre importanti specie forestali, faggio (Fagus sylvatica L.), abete rosso (Picea abies L.) e abete bianco (Abies alba Mill.). Il lavoro è strutturato in tre capitoli. Nel primo viene analizzata l’influenza del clima e degli eventi estremi sulla crescita del faggio e dell’abete bianco in plot misti e puri lungo un gradiente latitudinale in Italia. Nel secondo capitolo vengono analizzate le interazioni competitive in popolamenti misti e puri di faggio e abete bianco, situati ai limiti del loro areale di distribuzione (Italia meridionale). Nel terzo capitolo, invece, sono state stimate le dinamiche di competizione di abete bianco e abete rosso, situati nel comune di Lavarone (Trentino), e individuata la relazione tra le interazioni competitive e la biomassa degli alberi. Nel complesso, i risultati hanno evidenziato le risposte di accrescimento degli alberi alle variazioni climatiche e ai processi di competizione in foreste montane in Italia. In particolare, il primo lavoro ha evidenziato una risposta diversa solo a livello regionale per le temperature massime. In Trentino le temperature invernali, per l’abete bianco, ed estive, per entrambe le specie, hanno avuto un minor impatto negativo sulla crescita radiale degli alberi rispetto ai siti meridionali. Nonostante ciò, i risultati ottenuti dalle correlazioni (crescita radiale-indici di siccità) e dall’analisi delle componenti principali hanno evidenziato che nessun popolamento era sensibile alla siccità estiva. Nel secondo lavoro è stato osservato come l'incremento dell'area basimetrica, sotto l'influenza negativa di alti livelli di competizione e alta pendenza del terreno, variava tra i popolamenti. In tal senso sono state osservate interazioni competitive più elevate in Molise rispetto alla Calabria. Infine, nel terzo lavoro, è stato dimostrato che le metriche lidar possono essere utilizzate per prevedere gli indici di competizione. Inoltre, è stato osservato che la biomassa diminuiva all'aumentare della competizione. I risultati dei tre lavori hanno evidenziato che per la scelta di opzioni forestali sostenibili è necessario considerare le condizioni del sito in cui tali specie si trovano e la struttura dei popolamenti forestali, in termini di densità e disposizione degli alberi. Inoltre, è stato constatato che l’utilizzo di tecniche di telerilevamento (es. lidar) possono essere molto utili in campo forestale, poiché possono fornire informazioni su aree più estese.
Influence of climatic variations and competitive interactions on the productivity of mountain forests in Italy
VERSACE, Soraya
2020-05-15
Abstract
Tree growth is influenced by multiple factors including, climate and competition processes. Climate change has a strong impact on growth of trees and can cause negative impacts on forests, especially in the Mediterranean basin. However, tree growth can also be influenced by competitive interactions, through the use and absorption of resources within tree communities. To quantify the level of competition between trees, competition indices are used, which are normally computed over small areas. Predicting competitive interactions over larger areas can be very important and light detection and ranging (lidar) data, could be the suitable tool. Based on these considerations, the main objective of the thesis was to identify and study the influence of climatic variations and competitive interactions on the growth of three important forest species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The work is structured into three chapters, in which the first analyzes the influence of climate and extreme events on the radial growth of beech and silver fir in mixed and pure plots along a latitudinal gradient in Italy. In the second chapter the competitive interactions in mixed and pure populations of European beech and silver fir, located at the limits of their distribution range (southern Italy) are analyzed. In the third chapter, instead, was to estimate the competition dynamics for individual trees of Norway spruce and silver fir, located in the municipality of Lavarone (Trentino), and to identify the relationship between competitive interactions and tree aboveground biomass. Overall, results highlighted the response of trees under to climate and competition processes in mountain forests in Italy. In particular, the results of the first work showed a different response only at the regional level for the maximum temperatures. In Trentino the temperatures in winter, for silver fir, and summer, for both species, had a lesser negative impact on radial growth of trees compared to southern sites. Despite this, the results obtained from the correlations (radial growth-drought indices) and from principal component analysis have shown that no plot was sensitive to summer drought. Results are important to implement operational techniques that increase species adaptation to climate change. In the second work showed that the basal area increment, under the negative influence of high competition levels and slope terrains, varied between stands. In this sense, higher competitive interactions have been observed in Molise than in Calabria. Finally, in the third work showed that lidar metrics could be used to predict the competition indices of individual trees. In addition, biomass was observed to decrease as competition increased. The results of the three works showed that for the choice of sustainable forestry options it is necessary to consider the conditions of the site where these species are found and the structure of the forest stands, in terms of density and arrangement of the trees. Furthermore, it has been found that the use of remote sensing techniques (e.g. lidar) can be very useful in the forestry field, since they can provide information on larger areas.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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