Physiological aspects of chicken intestinal tracts are key targets of study due to their important repercussion on productive yield and animal health. Characterization of chicken gut, including spatial variations in microbial community, gut-associated immunity and relation with diseases has highlighted the importance of gut homeostasis and its sensitivity to external factors like stressors or dietary strategies. In this context, a survey on molecular mechanisms and differential gene expression along gut sites may deepen knowledge on functional aspects and provide hints for actions for maintaining gut homeostasis and testing various experimental factors. This thesis aimed to analyze at molecular level chicken gut physiological profile and possible functional differences between tracts, to highlight potential biomarkers linked to factors influencing gut status. In this view, microarray analysis has been chosen to realize a wide exploration of chicken gut in its gene landscape. Trial 1: in an exploratory perspective, aim of the study was to evidence the differential tissue gene expression of jejunum and of cecum of chickens at 42 days of age. Genes and enriched gene clusters for biological functions were differentially represented in the two tissues. In jejunum, expected genes and functions related to nutrient metabolism emerged, with interesting correlations to mammals and new key aspects like sulfur transport-related genes and immune pathways tuning. In cecum, gene clusters emerged, as already seen in humans, such as cell turnover related-genes, and genes linked to sulfation for gut barrier maintenance. Results indicated the different functions of the two tissues and revealed key aspects for possible new in-depth investigations in chickens. Trial 2: to apply former trial hints to possible in-field conditions affecting poultry gut and health, the study aimed to investigate effects of a GOS prebiotic in ovo injected in counteract the detrimental effect of the heat-stress in growing chickens. Energetic metabolism-related gene sets were enriched in GOS, mainly in jejunum, and lipid metabolism-related gene sets in GOS might have contributed in gut barrier maintenance with less immune system activation, mainly in cecum. No differences in blood parameters were seen. Only few butyrate-related bacteria were increased by GOS, while heat stress confirmed its effect on microbial imbalance. Without considering thermal treatment, GOS showed to induce a long-term effect on transcriptomic profile of jejunum and cecum. Instead, GOS had no additional efficacy in counteracting heat stress compared to control group. In conclusion, the microarray utilization was confirmed to differentially highlight functional characteristics between gut tracts in chickens, with possibility to identify useful gene biomarkers. Different functions along gut tracts were highlighted also in the second study with the in ovo injection of GOS, with positive effects on gut transcriptome. When applied to the experimental model of heat stress, chosen as stress model due to its important role in production diseases, especially in the Mediterranean area, the intestine seems to response in a homogeneous way along the different tracts, without considering the in ovo treatment. The concomitant analysis of microbiota in cecum offered the possibility to correlate changes in microbial community with functional genes, to identify new potential biomarkers of gut homeostasis in different conditions.
La caratterizzazione fisiologica dei diversi tratti intestinali del pollo è un importante oggetto di studio viste le sue ripercussioni sulle prestazioni produttive e sulla salute degli animali. Tale caratterizzazione, dalla variazione nella composizione microbica lungo i tratti intestinali, alla risposta immunitaria fino al coinvolgimento dell’intestino in diverse patologie, ha evidenziato l’importanza dell’omeostasi intestinale in relazione a fattori esterni, quali stress o strategie nutrizionali. In tale contesto, un’analisi sui meccanismi molecolari e di espressione genica nei diversi tratti intestinali potrebbe rivelare nuovi aspetti funzionali utili al mantenimento dell’omeostasi e per testare diversi fattori sperimentali. Questa tesi ha analizzato a livello molecolare il profilo fisiologico intestinale nel pollo considerando le possibili differenze tra i tratti e con lo scopo di evidenziare possibili marcatori collegati a fattori che possono influenzare lo stato dell’intestino. A tal fine, l’analisi tramite microarray è stata scelta per effettuare un’approfondita esplorazione a livello genico nel pollo. Studio 1: a scopo esplorativo, si è cercato di evidenziare possibili differenze a livello di espressione genica e relativa funzione biologica tra digiuno e cieco in polli di 42 giorni di età. Nel digiuno si sono evidenziati dei gene set arricchiti nell’espressione di geni relativi al metabolismo dei nutrienti, riscontrati anche i mammiferi, così come relativi all’assorbimento dello zolfo e all’attivazione del sistema immunitario. Nel cieco sono emersi alcuni gene set riscontrati anche nell’uomo, inclusi geni relativi al turnover cellulare e all’utilizzo dello zolfo nel mantenimento della barriera intestinale. Le differenziazioni emerse fra i due tessuti possono rappresentare punti di partenza e spunti per ulteriori studi nel pollo. Studio 2: volendo applicare le potenzialità del primo studio, in questa prova si è analizzato l’effetto di un prebiotico (galacto-oligosaccaride, GOS), iniettato in ovo, in polli successivamente allevati in condizioni da stress da caldo, uno dei maggiori problemi nell’area mediterranea. L’iniezione in ovo ha avuto un effetto a lungo termine del GOS sul trascrittoma intestinale, evidenziando gene set arricchiti relativi al metabolismo energetico soprattutto nel digiuno, così come gene set relativi al metabolismo lipidico. Questi ultimi, insieme con gene set impoveriti relativi all’attivazione immunitaria, soprattutto nel cieco, potrebbero aver contribuito al mantenimento della barriera intestinale, anche senza evidenti differenze nei parametri ematici di infiammazione. Il prebiotico, nel cieco, sembra aver stimolato alcuni batteri coinvolti nel metabolismo dell’acido butirrico. Il prebiotico non è stato efficace nel contrastare lo stress da caldo. In conclusione, il microarray ha evidenziato differenze funzionali tra i tratti intestinali nel pollo, sottolineandole anche nella prova di somministrazione in ovo del GOS, i cui effetti hanno influenzato positivamente lo stato intestinale in termini di trascrittoma. Lo stress da caldo in generale sembra aver avuto un effetto costante rispetto ai parametri considerati, a prescindere dal trattamento in ovo, se si esclude il dato relativo al microbiota. La concomitante analisi di questo nel cieco ha permesso di formulare ipotesi su possibili correlazioni geniche funzionali, con la possibilità di identificare potenziali marcatori dello stato intestinale in diverse condizioni.
Study of the chicken physiological profile in different gut sites and upon different environmental factors
BERTOCCHI, MICOL
2019-06-10
Abstract
Physiological aspects of chicken intestinal tracts are key targets of study due to their important repercussion on productive yield and animal health. Characterization of chicken gut, including spatial variations in microbial community, gut-associated immunity and relation with diseases has highlighted the importance of gut homeostasis and its sensitivity to external factors like stressors or dietary strategies. In this context, a survey on molecular mechanisms and differential gene expression along gut sites may deepen knowledge on functional aspects and provide hints for actions for maintaining gut homeostasis and testing various experimental factors. This thesis aimed to analyze at molecular level chicken gut physiological profile and possible functional differences between tracts, to highlight potential biomarkers linked to factors influencing gut status. In this view, microarray analysis has been chosen to realize a wide exploration of chicken gut in its gene landscape. Trial 1: in an exploratory perspective, aim of the study was to evidence the differential tissue gene expression of jejunum and of cecum of chickens at 42 days of age. Genes and enriched gene clusters for biological functions were differentially represented in the two tissues. In jejunum, expected genes and functions related to nutrient metabolism emerged, with interesting correlations to mammals and new key aspects like sulfur transport-related genes and immune pathways tuning. In cecum, gene clusters emerged, as already seen in humans, such as cell turnover related-genes, and genes linked to sulfation for gut barrier maintenance. Results indicated the different functions of the two tissues and revealed key aspects for possible new in-depth investigations in chickens. Trial 2: to apply former trial hints to possible in-field conditions affecting poultry gut and health, the study aimed to investigate effects of a GOS prebiotic in ovo injected in counteract the detrimental effect of the heat-stress in growing chickens. Energetic metabolism-related gene sets were enriched in GOS, mainly in jejunum, and lipid metabolism-related gene sets in GOS might have contributed in gut barrier maintenance with less immune system activation, mainly in cecum. No differences in blood parameters were seen. Only few butyrate-related bacteria were increased by GOS, while heat stress confirmed its effect on microbial imbalance. Without considering thermal treatment, GOS showed to induce a long-term effect on transcriptomic profile of jejunum and cecum. Instead, GOS had no additional efficacy in counteracting heat stress compared to control group. In conclusion, the microarray utilization was confirmed to differentially highlight functional characteristics between gut tracts in chickens, with possibility to identify useful gene biomarkers. Different functions along gut tracts were highlighted also in the second study with the in ovo injection of GOS, with positive effects on gut transcriptome. When applied to the experimental model of heat stress, chosen as stress model due to its important role in production diseases, especially in the Mediterranean area, the intestine seems to response in a homogeneous way along the different tracts, without considering the in ovo treatment. The concomitant analysis of microbiota in cecum offered the possibility to correlate changes in microbial community with functional genes, to identify new potential biomarkers of gut homeostasis in different conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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