The economic and financial crisis has not simply caused a failure of the Eurozone markets but at the same time caused a change of the review tools examined. In particular, the procedure for revising the European Treaties no longer fulfilled the function of guaranteeing a consistent trend in the integration process because its circumvention on the occasion of the adoption of the Fiscal compact and its non-recourse in relation to the save-state measures have facilitated the construction of a functionalist and not federal Europe. This "deformation" of the regulatory instruments was accompanied by a "deparlamentarization" of the decision-making centers, because, albeit in a different way, the European Parliament and the national parliaments have been scarcely involved in the decision-making circuit, thus making decisions lacking a solid democratic basis. The "Right to the Parliament" (A. Manzella) which constitutes the "cross-guarantee of all other fundamental rights" (A. Manzella) is thus still a finality for European citizens, who find themselves adopting intergovernmental choices and fruit agreement between institutions of a technocratic nature. These issues were examined by linking the link between the constitutional failures that affected the European body and the events that occurred during the emergency situation. In particular, the failed project of the Constitution, the lack of involvement of the European people in the exercise of what can not properly be called constituent power and the problems related to multilevel parliamentaryism have had a certain impact during the economic emergency on the recourse to the procedure of revision of the Treaties and on its even though weak democratic-representative dimension. In other words, the U.E has faced the challenge of reorganizing the financial markets without a solid institutional structure, which was able to guarantee a fair division of duties among the Member States. Moreover, after the political-constitutional failures, the European body could not but continue to leverage the economic axis not only to avoid the default of the euro area but also to encourage integration between the peoples. This of course has created a problematic situation, above all in terms of the fact that the progressive and ever more pervasive impact of European policies on the Member States did not correspond to a simultaneous increase in the European democratic space. In Italy, however, the discussion focuses on the trends of dominant constitutional revisionism, highlighting how the economic crisis has only limited to bring them back into vogue albeit with some peculiarities. The modification of the art. 81 of the Constitution has put a strain on the tightness of the guarantees of the art. 138 of the Constitution above all in order to respect parliamentary centrality and to reflect on the opportunity to change the constitutional text. Later, with the ddl. Constitutional 813 of 2013, the art. 138 Cost was the object of a direct attempt to derogate from it, as was the case, even if with due differences, in the previous experiences of the bicameral of the 1990s. To this is added the question about the admissibility of amending the Constitutional Charter in a broad way and thus disregarding the rationale underlying the art. 138 Cost, which, according to the vision of the Constituents is a process aimed at making timely changes to the basic text. The analysis of this last profile was resubmitted with the Renzi-Boschi reform, which, like the modification of art. 81 Constitution and of the ddl. 813, has been examined in the work as another episode of that chapter, inaugurated with the economic crisis, of what has been called the "war of thirty years against the Constitution" (G. Ferrara). The situation outlined above implies that the constitutional revisionism of the economic crisis and more generally of the last thirty years is no longer the expression of democratic constitutionalism from which it takes its course but is more inclined to support the logic of simplification and economic functionality, thus imposing to return to critically think both on the traditional categories and especially on the revision of the Constitution, in order to understand the direction of this change.
La crisi economico- finanziaria non ha semplicemente determinato un dissesto dei mercati dell’Eurozona ma ha contestualmente causato un vulnus degli strumenti di revisione presi in esame. In particolare, la procedura di revisione dei Trattati europei non ha più assolto alla funzione di garantire un coerente andamento del processo di integrazione perché la sua elusione in occasione dell’adozione del Fiscal compact e il suo mancato ricorso in relazione alle misure salva- Stati hanno agevolato la costruzione di un’Europa funzionalista e poco federale. A questa “deformalizzazione” degli strumenti normativi si è poi accompagnata una “deparlamentarizzazione” dei centri decisionali, in quanto, seppur in modo diverso, il Parlamento europeo e i Parlamenti nazionali sono stati scarsamente coinvolti nel circuito decisionale, rendendo così le decisioni prive di un solido ancoraggio democratico. Il c.d. “diritto al Parlamento” (A. Manzella) che costituisce la “garanzia trasversale di tutti gli altri diritti fondamentali” (A. Manzella) risulta così ancora un miraggio per i cittadini europei, i quali si ritrovano a recepire scelte di stampo intergovernativo e frutto dell’accordo tra istituzioni di natura tecnocratica. Tali questioni sono state esaminate mettendo in relazione il nesso esistente tra gli insuccessi di natura costituzionale che hanno riguardato l’organismo europeo e le vicende registratesi in occasione della situazione emergenziale. In particolare, il fallito progetto di Costituzione, il mancato coinvolgimento del popolo europeo nell’esercizio di quello che non può propriamente definirsi potere costituente e le problematiche relative al parlamentarismo multilivello hanno avuto una certa incidenza durante l’emergenza economica sul ricorso alla procedura di revisione dei Trattati e sulla sua sia pur labile dimensione democratico- rappresentativa. L’ U.E, in altri termini, si è trovata ad affrontare la sfida di risanamento dei mercati finanziari senza un solido impianto istituzionale, che fosse in grado di garantire un’equa ripartizione dei doveri tra gli Stati membri. Del resto, dopo i fallimenti di natura politico- costituzionale, l’organismo europeo non poteva non continuare a far leva sull’asse economico non solo per evitare il default della zona euro ma anche per incentivare l’integrazione tra i popoli. Ciò naturalmente ha creato una situazione problematica soprattutto in ordine al fatto che alla progressiva e sempre più pervasiva incidenza delle politiche europee nei confronti degli Stati membri non è corrisposto un contestuale accrescimento dello spazio democratico europeo. Sul piano interno, invece, la disamina si sofferma sulle tendenze del revisionismo costituzionale dominante, mettendo in luce quanto la crisi economica si sia solamente limitata a riportarle in auge seppur con alcune peculiarità. La modifica dell’art. 81 della Costituzione ha messo a dura prova la tenuta delle garanzie dell’art. 138 della Costituzione soprattutto in ordine al rispetto della centralità parlamentare e alla riflessione circa l’opportunità di modificare il testo costituzionale. In seguito, con il ddl. Costituzionale 813 del 2013, l’art. 138 Cost è stato oggetto di un tentativo diretto a derogarlo, al pari di quanto era accaduto, anche se con le dovute differenze, nelle precedenti esperienze delle bicamerali degli anni Novanta. A ciò si aggiunge la questione circa l’ammissibilità di modificare in modo ampio la Carta costituzionale e di disattendere così la ratio sottesa all’art. 138 Cost, che, secondo la visione dei Costituenti è un iter diretto ad apportare modifiche puntuali del testo fondamentale. L’analisi di tale ultimo profilo si è ripresentata con la riforma Renzi- Boschi, che al pari della modifica dell’art. 81 Cost e del ddl.813, è stata esaminata nel lavoro come un altro episodio di quel capitolo, inauguratosi con la crisi economica, di quella che è stata definita la “guerra dei trent’anni contro la Costituzione” (G. Ferrara) repubblicana. Lo scenario così delineato implica che il revisionismo costituzionale della crisi economica e più in generale degli ultimi trent’anni non sia più l’espressione del costituzionalismo democratico da cui prende le mosse ma sia più incline ad assecondare la logica della semplificazione e della funzionalità economica, imponendo così di tornare a ragionare criticamente sia sulle categorie tradizionali e soprattutto sulla revisione della Costituzione, al fine di comprendere la direzione di questo cambiamento.
Crisi economica, strumenti della revisione e ruolo dei Parlamenti nazionali e del Parlamento europeo
ROBERTI, Ilaria
2018-05-08
Abstract
The economic and financial crisis has not simply caused a failure of the Eurozone markets but at the same time caused a change of the review tools examined. In particular, the procedure for revising the European Treaties no longer fulfilled the function of guaranteeing a consistent trend in the integration process because its circumvention on the occasion of the adoption of the Fiscal compact and its non-recourse in relation to the save-state measures have facilitated the construction of a functionalist and not federal Europe. This "deformation" of the regulatory instruments was accompanied by a "deparlamentarization" of the decision-making centers, because, albeit in a different way, the European Parliament and the national parliaments have been scarcely involved in the decision-making circuit, thus making decisions lacking a solid democratic basis. The "Right to the Parliament" (A. Manzella) which constitutes the "cross-guarantee of all other fundamental rights" (A. Manzella) is thus still a finality for European citizens, who find themselves adopting intergovernmental choices and fruit agreement between institutions of a technocratic nature. These issues were examined by linking the link between the constitutional failures that affected the European body and the events that occurred during the emergency situation. In particular, the failed project of the Constitution, the lack of involvement of the European people in the exercise of what can not properly be called constituent power and the problems related to multilevel parliamentaryism have had a certain impact during the economic emergency on the recourse to the procedure of revision of the Treaties and on its even though weak democratic-representative dimension. In other words, the U.E has faced the challenge of reorganizing the financial markets without a solid institutional structure, which was able to guarantee a fair division of duties among the Member States. Moreover, after the political-constitutional failures, the European body could not but continue to leverage the economic axis not only to avoid the default of the euro area but also to encourage integration between the peoples. This of course has created a problematic situation, above all in terms of the fact that the progressive and ever more pervasive impact of European policies on the Member States did not correspond to a simultaneous increase in the European democratic space. In Italy, however, the discussion focuses on the trends of dominant constitutional revisionism, highlighting how the economic crisis has only limited to bring them back into vogue albeit with some peculiarities. The modification of the art. 81 of the Constitution has put a strain on the tightness of the guarantees of the art. 138 of the Constitution above all in order to respect parliamentary centrality and to reflect on the opportunity to change the constitutional text. Later, with the ddl. Constitutional 813 of 2013, the art. 138 Cost was the object of a direct attempt to derogate from it, as was the case, even if with due differences, in the previous experiences of the bicameral of the 1990s. To this is added the question about the admissibility of amending the Constitutional Charter in a broad way and thus disregarding the rationale underlying the art. 138 Cost, which, according to the vision of the Constituents is a process aimed at making timely changes to the basic text. The analysis of this last profile was resubmitted with the Renzi-Boschi reform, which, like the modification of art. 81 Constitution and of the ddl. 813, has been examined in the work as another episode of that chapter, inaugurated with the economic crisis, of what has been called the "war of thirty years against the Constitution" (G. Ferrara). The situation outlined above implies that the constitutional revisionism of the economic crisis and more generally of the last thirty years is no longer the expression of democratic constitutionalism from which it takes its course but is more inclined to support the logic of simplification and economic functionality, thus imposing to return to critically think both on the traditional categories and especially on the revision of the Constitution, in order to understand the direction of this change.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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