An area of emerging interest in mechanistic studies on arterial hypertension revealed a crucial role of adaptive immunity. On this regard, the work of my thesis focuses on the exploration of new mechanisms underlying the interaction between immune system and hypertension. In particular, since Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) had been identified as a crucial factor in the dynamics of T cell activation during hypertension, I have aimed here at exploring the molecular mechanisms at the basis of this signaling pathway. The main PlGF "canonical" receptor is VEGR1, known as Flt1, belonging to the same family as the better known VEGFR2, main receptor of VEGF. However, more recent data suggest the existence of an alternative PlGF signaling mechanism mediated by Neuropilin1 (NRP1), a transmembrane protein mainly known for regulating different aspects of vascular and neuronal development. Having established the co-expression and activation in response to AngII of both receptors in the spleen, where PlGF is produced, we explored these two different pathways of intracellular signaling using two transgenic models. 1) VEGFR1 / Flt1-TK-/-, mice with a deletion in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, unable to activate the intracellular signal upon interaction with its ligand PlGF. 2) Nrp1flox; LysM-Cre transgenic mice for conditional deletion of exon-2 NRP1 through the strategy of the Cre/LoxP system exclusively in the monocyte-macrophage line; this cellular line was chosen because they were previously identified as a target of PlGF in the spleen. Both transgenic strains were subjected to chronic infusion of AngII, showing that while VEGFR1/Flt1 TK mice had a hypertensive response comparable to WT, surprisingly the Nrp1flox;LysMCre+ mice were protected from hypertension mediated by AngII. Overall, our data indicate a fundamental role of NRP1 receptor in hypertension, indicating that hypertensive stimuli activate a non-canonical PlGF signal in immune cells, opening new molecular scenarios that need to be further explored.
Un campo di interesse emergente sugli studi dei meccanismi dell'ipertensione arteriosa ha rivelato un ruolo fondamentale dell'immunità adattativa. A tal proposito, il mio lavoro di tesi si è concentrato sull' andare ad investigare nuovi meccanismi che sottendono l'interazione tra sistema immunitario e ipertensione. Dal momento che il fattore di crescita placentare (PlGF) è stato identificato come fattore cruciale nelle dinamiche di attivazione delle cellule T durante l'ipertensione, abbiamo cercato di esplorare i meccanismi molecolari alla base di questo pathway. Il recettore "canonico" di PlGF è VEGR1(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1), noto come Flt1, appartenente alla stessa famiglia del VEGFR2, il più importante recettore del VEGF. Tuttavia, dati più recenti suggeriscono l'esistenza di un meccanismo di segnalazione alternativo mediato da Neuropilina1 (NRP1), una proteina transmembrana nota principalmente per la regolazione di diversi aspetti dello sviluppo vascolare e neuronale. Dopo aver stabilito la coespressione e l'attivazione in risposta all’ AngII di entrambi i recettori nella milza, dove è prodotto PlGF, abbiamo esplorato questi due diversi percorsi di segnalazione intracellulare usando due modelli transgenici. 1) VEGFR1/Flt1-TK-/-, topi con una delezione nel dominio intracellulare tirosin- chinasico, incapaci di attivare il segnale intracellulare dopo l'interazione con il suo ligando PlGF. 2) Nrp1flox; LysM-Cre, topi transgenici con delezione condizionale dell'esone-2 ottenuti attraverso la strategia ricombinante del sistema Cre/LoxP esclusivamente nella linea monociti-macrofagi; questa linea cellulare è stata scelta perché tali cellule erano state precedentemente identificate come bersaglio di PlGF nella milza. Entrambi i ceppi transgenici sono stati sottoposti ad infusione cronica di AngII, mostrando che, mentre i topi VEGFR1/Flt1 TK-/-, avevano una risposta ipertensiva paragonabile ai WT, sorprendentemente i topi Nrp1flox;LysM Cre+ erano protetti da ipertensione mediata da AngII. Nel complesso, i nostri dati indicano un ruolo fondamentale del recettore NRP1 nell'ipertensione, indicando che gli stimoli ipertensivi attivano un segnale non-canonico di PlGF nelle cellule immunitarie, aprendo nuovi scenari molecolari che dovranno essere ulteriormente esplorati.
Neuropilin1 signaling in macrophages mediates the hypertensive functions of Placental Growth Factor upon Angiotensin II
Piacenti, Maria
2018-03-20
Abstract
An area of emerging interest in mechanistic studies on arterial hypertension revealed a crucial role of adaptive immunity. On this regard, the work of my thesis focuses on the exploration of new mechanisms underlying the interaction between immune system and hypertension. In particular, since Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) had been identified as a crucial factor in the dynamics of T cell activation during hypertension, I have aimed here at exploring the molecular mechanisms at the basis of this signaling pathway. The main PlGF "canonical" receptor is VEGR1, known as Flt1, belonging to the same family as the better known VEGFR2, main receptor of VEGF. However, more recent data suggest the existence of an alternative PlGF signaling mechanism mediated by Neuropilin1 (NRP1), a transmembrane protein mainly known for regulating different aspects of vascular and neuronal development. Having established the co-expression and activation in response to AngII of both receptors in the spleen, where PlGF is produced, we explored these two different pathways of intracellular signaling using two transgenic models. 1) VEGFR1 / Flt1-TK-/-, mice with a deletion in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, unable to activate the intracellular signal upon interaction with its ligand PlGF. 2) Nrp1flox; LysM-Cre transgenic mice for conditional deletion of exon-2 NRP1 through the strategy of the Cre/LoxP system exclusively in the monocyte-macrophage line; this cellular line was chosen because they were previously identified as a target of PlGF in the spleen. Both transgenic strains were subjected to chronic infusion of AngII, showing that while VEGFR1/Flt1 TK mice had a hypertensive response comparable to WT, surprisingly the Nrp1flox;LysMCre+ mice were protected from hypertension mediated by AngII. Overall, our data indicate a fundamental role of NRP1 receptor in hypertension, indicating that hypertensive stimuli activate a non-canonical PlGF signal in immune cells, opening new molecular scenarios that need to be further explored.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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