Selenium is an essential trace mineral of fundamental importance to human health. It is known primarily for its antioxidant activity, for its chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, (Papp et al. 2007) hence its deficiency has been recognized as a contributing factor to pathophysiological conditions, including heart disease, neuromuscular disorders, cancer, male infertility and inflammation. Much of its beneficial influence on human health is attributed to its presence within at least 25 proteins (Selenoproteins) (Papp et al. 2007). It is becoming more evident how the cancer and its the behaviour not dependent only on the genetics of tumor cells but also by surrounding milieu [stromal tissue (immune cells, fibro¬blasts, myofibroblasts, cytokines, and vascular tissue), as well as the surrounding extracellular matrix], necessary for tumor cells survival, growth, proliferation and metastasis. Inflammatory cells and mediators are present in the microenvironment of most, if not all, tumors, irrespective of the trigger for development (Leonardi et al. 2012). Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and Breast Cancer (BC) are examples. The liver is a hormone-sensitive organ and a several lines of evidence suggest that sex hormones and their receptors play a role in liver carcinogenesis (Wang et al. 2006). Continuous oxidative stress, impaired synthesis of antioxidant enzymes in HCC and in BC, un-regulated synthesis and secretion of sex hormones laid the foundation for research into selenoproteins a great help, not only to mitigate these mechanisms, but also to modulate the hormonal signaling exacerbating the hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of thesis has been to identify selenoproteins, whose de-regulation was, potentially, associated to hepatocarcinogenesis and to breast cancer. These preliminary investigations direct future studies to understand how BC cells can influence the hepatocarcinogenesis through the secretion of hormones, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and how the HCC cells can exercise control on breast cancer progression. Furthermore, it will be interesting to investigate how the modulation of selenoproteins, by treatment with selenium alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic molecules, might influence the key signaling of these two cancers.
Il selenio è un minerale essenziale presente di fondamentale importanza per la salute umana. È noto principalmente per la sua attività antiossidante, chemopreventive, per le proprietà anti-infiammatorie e antivirali, (Papp et al. 2007) il cui deficit è stato riconosciuto come un fattore responsabile di condizioni fisiopatologiche, tra cui malattie cardiache, disturbi neuromuscolari, cancro, infertilità maschile e l'infiammazione. Gran parte delle sue azioni benefiche sulla salute umana è attribuita alla sua presenza all'interno di almeno 25 proteine (selenoproteine) (Papp et al. 2007). Sta diventando sempre più evidente come il cancro e i suoi aspetti non dipendono solo dalla genetica delle cellule tumorali ma anche dall’ambiente circostante [tessuto stromale (cellule immunitarie, fibroblasti, miofibroblasti, citochine e tessuto vascolare), nonché dalla matrice extracellulare], necessario per la sopravvivenza, la crescita, la proliferazione delle cellule tumorali e le metastasi. Le cellule infiammatorie e i mediatori sono presenti nel microambiente nella maggior parte, se non in tutti i tumori, indipendentemente dal fattore scatenante lo sviluppo (al. Leonardi et 2012). L’epatocarcinoma (HCC) e il cancro alla mammella (BC) ne sono degli esempi. Il fegato è un organo ormone-sensibile e diverse evidenze suggeriscono che gli ormoni sessuali e i loro recettori svolgono un ruolo nella carcinogenesi del fegato (Wang et al. 2006). Il continuo stress ossidativo, la concomitante alterazione della sintesi degli enzimi antiossidanti nell’epatocarcinoma e nel cancro alla mammella, una compromessa sintesi e secrezione degli ormoni sessuali hanno gettato le basi per ricercare nelle selenoproteine un grande aiuto, non solo nel mitigare questi meccanismi, ma anche nel modulare il signaling ormonale esacerbante l’epatocarcinogenesi. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di identificare le selenoproteine, la cui de-regolazione fosse potenzialmente associata all’epatocarcinogenesi e al cancro alla mammella. Queste indagini preliminari indirizzano gli studi futuri alla comprensione di come le cellule del cancro alla mammella possano influenzare l’epatocarcinogenesi mediante la secrezione di ormoni, citochine, chemochine e fattori di crescita e come le cellule dell’epatocarcinoma possano esercitare un controllo sulla progressione del cancro alla mammella. Inoltre, sarà interessante esaminare come la modulazione dell'espressione delle selenoproteine, mediante trattamento con il solo selenio o in combinazione con le molecole chemioterapiche, possa influenzare il signaling chiave di questi due cancri.
From hepatocarcinoma to breast cancer: selenoproteins as link between two different reality
RUSOLO, Fabiola
2017-04-07
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace mineral of fundamental importance to human health. It is known primarily for its antioxidant activity, for its chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, (Papp et al. 2007) hence its deficiency has been recognized as a contributing factor to pathophysiological conditions, including heart disease, neuromuscular disorders, cancer, male infertility and inflammation. Much of its beneficial influence on human health is attributed to its presence within at least 25 proteins (Selenoproteins) (Papp et al. 2007). It is becoming more evident how the cancer and its the behaviour not dependent only on the genetics of tumor cells but also by surrounding milieu [stromal tissue (immune cells, fibro¬blasts, myofibroblasts, cytokines, and vascular tissue), as well as the surrounding extracellular matrix], necessary for tumor cells survival, growth, proliferation and metastasis. Inflammatory cells and mediators are present in the microenvironment of most, if not all, tumors, irrespective of the trigger for development (Leonardi et al. 2012). Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and Breast Cancer (BC) are examples. The liver is a hormone-sensitive organ and a several lines of evidence suggest that sex hormones and their receptors play a role in liver carcinogenesis (Wang et al. 2006). Continuous oxidative stress, impaired synthesis of antioxidant enzymes in HCC and in BC, un-regulated synthesis and secretion of sex hormones laid the foundation for research into selenoproteins a great help, not only to mitigate these mechanisms, but also to modulate the hormonal signaling exacerbating the hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of thesis has been to identify selenoproteins, whose de-regulation was, potentially, associated to hepatocarcinogenesis and to breast cancer. These preliminary investigations direct future studies to understand how BC cells can influence the hepatocarcinogenesis through the secretion of hormones, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and how the HCC cells can exercise control on breast cancer progression. Furthermore, it will be interesting to investigate how the modulation of selenoproteins, by treatment with selenium alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic molecules, might influence the key signaling of these two cancers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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