Phenology is the study of recurring biological events that involve plants and animals and their relationships with the environmental factors. The phenological phases, such as flowering and growth reactivation, occurring in primary and secondary meristems, determine the annual plant development. Climate change is one of the factors that may alter the vulnerability of trees in several aspects, including the phenology. A better understanding of the phenological events occurring in the two meristems, the relations between them and the environmental factors is necessary. Understanding the effect of the climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, on plant phenology is an essential step to establish a link between recent climate change and phenological responses. These approaches can produce reliable predictions about future plant responses in a long-term perspective. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the phenology of meristems in conifers along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, to deeper understand their responses to climatic drivers. Different methodological approaches were used to investigate the plant phenology: from anatomical analyses and direct observation in field to satellite observation. Moreover, the timing of phenological phases under future climatic scenarios were explored. A general hypothesis of this study was that a time variation in the phenological phases of growth meristems could be observed among different latitudes and altitudes; it was then verified if the variation hypothesized can be explained by site-specific climatic conditions and their changes in time. In this thesis, 10 study sites located along a latitudinal and altitudinal gradients were selected. Seven of these are located in the boreal forest of Quebec (Canada), while other three sites are located in the Mediterranean area, along the Italian Peninsula. All the sites are characterized by forest stands dominated by coniferous: balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] and black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BPS] in the boreal forest, and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the Mediterranean mountain forest. Micro-cores were collected in all the sites with the aim to analyse the xylem phenology, while the bud phenology was studied in the boreal forest, through direct and satellite observation. The study correlated the phenological phases of bud development with the xylem differentiation. This relationship was also analysed between long-term chronologies of xylem growth and the timing of plant phenology detected by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Furthermore, the relationships between xylem phenology with temperature and precipitation were explored. The results obtained provided new knowledge on the dynamics of spring phenology and novel information on the synchronisms between the two meristems for boreal tree species. Moreover, the realized study demonstrated the importance of precisely define the phases of bud development in order to correctly analyse the relationships with xylem phenology. The analyses of long-term chronology demonstrated that the timing of xylem formation could be suitably estimated at wide geographical scale using remote sensing data. Furthermore, temperature resulted the main driver on phenological phases of the two meristems in the boreal forest. Differently, the precipitation during the growing season together with minimum temperature were the most important variables that affected the duration of phenological phases in the Italian study sites. Response of trees to future environmental conditions should be carefully studied locally, because this interaction can be used for planning adaptive forest management strategies.
La fenologia studia le fasi biologiche ricorrenti nel ciclo vitale di piante ed animali e le loro relazioni con i fattori ambientali. Le fasi fenologiche, quali fioritura e riattivazione dei processi di crescita che avvengono nei meristemi primari e secondari, determinano l’accrescimento annuale delle piante. Il cambiamento climatico è un fattore che condiziona la vulnerabilità delle piante in vari aspetti, compresa la fenologia. É indispensabile, quindi, migliorare ed integrare le attuali conoscenze degli eventi fenologici nei due meristemi, le relazioni tra essi ed con i fattori ambientali. Comprendere gli effetti dei fattori climatici, quali temperatura e precipitazioni, sulla fenologia delle piante è uno step essenziale per stabilire un link tra il cambiamento climatico in atto e le risposte fenologiche. Questi approcci possono produrre previsioni affidabili inerenti gli adattamenti fisiologici delle piante in una prospettiva di lungo termine. In questa tesi si è proposto di analizzare la fenologia dei meristemi in conifere lungo gradienti latitudinali ed altitudinali, per comprendere più a fondo le loro risposte ed adattamenti ai cambiamenti climatici. Diverse metodologie sono state utilizzate per indagare la fenologia: dalle analisi anatomiche ed osservazione diretta in campo all'osservazione satellitare. Inoltre, è stata indagata la tempistica delle fasi fenologiche considerando futuri scenari climatici, attraverso un approccio modellistico. É stato ipotizzato che la variazione nelle fasi fenologiche dell’accrescimento meristematico verificatasi a diverse latitudini e altitudini, può essere spiegata dalle condizioni climatiche specifiche del sito e loro rispettive variazioni. In questo lavoro sono stati selezionati 10 siti di studio lungo gradienti latitudinali ed altitudinali. Sette di questi sono situati in foresta boreale (Quebec, Canada), mentre gli altri tre siti si trovano nel bacino del Mediterraneo, lungo la penisola italiana. Tutti i siti sono caratterizzati da boschi di conifere, dominati da abete balsamico [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] pino nero del Canada [Picea mariana (Mill.) BPS] in foresta boreale, e dall’abete bianco (Abies alba Mill.) per le foreste montane mediterranee. In tutti i siti è stata effettuata la raccolta di microcarote al fine di analizzare la fenologia dello xilema, mentre in foresta boreale è stata studiata la fenologia dei getti attraverso sia osservazioni dirette in campo che da immagini telerilevate. Lo studio ha correlato le fasi fenologiche di sviluppo dei germogli e la differenziazione dello xilema. Questo rapporto è stato, inoltre, analizzato tra cronologie a lungo termine della crescita dello xilema e la fenologia vegetale rilevata dal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Infine, si è verificato quanto la fenologia dello xilema possa essere influenzata dalla temperatura e dalle precipitazioni. I risultati ottenuti hanno fornito nuove conoscenze sulla dinamica della fenologia primaverile e preziose informazioni sui sincronismi tra i due meristemi per le specie boreali. Inoltre, lo studio ha dimostrato l'importanza di definire con precisione le fasi di sviluppo del germoglio per analizzare correttamente i rapporti con la fenologia dello xilema. Le analisi delle cronologie di lungo termine hanno dimostrato che la formazione dello xilema potrebbe essere opportunamente stimata su larga scala geografica utilizzando i dati telerilevati. Inoltre, la temperatura risulta essere il principale driver delle fasi fenologiche dei due meristemi nella foresta boreale. Diversamente, lungo la penisola italiana, le precipitazioni durante la stagione di crescita, insieme con la temperatura minima, sono le variabili più importanti nell’influenzare la durata delle fasi fenologiche. La risposta delle piante alle future condizioni ambientali dovrebbe essere attentamente studiata localmente, perché questa interazione può essere utilizzata nella pianificazione delle strategie di gestione forestale adattiva.
Phenological responses to climate in meristems of conifers along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients
ANTONUCCI, Serena
2017-05-22
Abstract
Phenology is the study of recurring biological events that involve plants and animals and their relationships with the environmental factors. The phenological phases, such as flowering and growth reactivation, occurring in primary and secondary meristems, determine the annual plant development. Climate change is one of the factors that may alter the vulnerability of trees in several aspects, including the phenology. A better understanding of the phenological events occurring in the two meristems, the relations between them and the environmental factors is necessary. Understanding the effect of the climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, on plant phenology is an essential step to establish a link between recent climate change and phenological responses. These approaches can produce reliable predictions about future plant responses in a long-term perspective. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the phenology of meristems in conifers along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, to deeper understand their responses to climatic drivers. Different methodological approaches were used to investigate the plant phenology: from anatomical analyses and direct observation in field to satellite observation. Moreover, the timing of phenological phases under future climatic scenarios were explored. A general hypothesis of this study was that a time variation in the phenological phases of growth meristems could be observed among different latitudes and altitudes; it was then verified if the variation hypothesized can be explained by site-specific climatic conditions and their changes in time. In this thesis, 10 study sites located along a latitudinal and altitudinal gradients were selected. Seven of these are located in the boreal forest of Quebec (Canada), while other three sites are located in the Mediterranean area, along the Italian Peninsula. All the sites are characterized by forest stands dominated by coniferous: balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] and black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BPS] in the boreal forest, and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the Mediterranean mountain forest. Micro-cores were collected in all the sites with the aim to analyse the xylem phenology, while the bud phenology was studied in the boreal forest, through direct and satellite observation. The study correlated the phenological phases of bud development with the xylem differentiation. This relationship was also analysed between long-term chronologies of xylem growth and the timing of plant phenology detected by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Furthermore, the relationships between xylem phenology with temperature and precipitation were explored. The results obtained provided new knowledge on the dynamics of spring phenology and novel information on the synchronisms between the two meristems for boreal tree species. Moreover, the realized study demonstrated the importance of precisely define the phases of bud development in order to correctly analyse the relationships with xylem phenology. The analyses of long-term chronology demonstrated that the timing of xylem formation could be suitably estimated at wide geographical scale using remote sensing data. Furthermore, temperature resulted the main driver on phenological phases of the two meristems in the boreal forest. Differently, the precipitation during the growing season together with minimum temperature were the most important variables that affected the duration of phenological phases in the Italian study sites. Response of trees to future environmental conditions should be carefully studied locally, because this interaction can be used for planning adaptive forest management strategies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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