This abstract aims to investigate the effects of working relationships as a result of the organization of businesses in the form of a network, also in the light of recent regulatory changes, which make a distinction between subject networks and contract networks. The operation of the contract network, implies the pursuit of economic activities by different undertakings for a common purpose, exploiting the complementarity of their interests and raises non-irrelevant problems for the employment of employees within the network. The network, essentially, acts as a factor in changing the content of labor relations, modulating the structure of the bond according to the shared objectives of the companies organized in a reticulated fashion. It is common practice that the sharing of competences within the network involves a certain "circulation" of human resources, sometimes employed in a promiscuous manner, hence it is reasonable to share employment policies. The network contract poses significant labor law challenges because, by multiplying the reference figures on the employer front, it requires the interpreter to confront an abnormal relationship model with the binary worker / employer scheme. The first and fundamental question concerns the meaning of the term "co-employment". It is yet to be understood whether the co-employment formula can be a useful reconstructive scheme capable of giving rise to the responsibility of employers in favor of the network, thus overturning the principle of the duality of the contractual relationship between the employer and the worker.In this perspective, the companies participating in the network program would be accountable to the claims of the workers involved, not so much on the basis of the individual contractual obligation assumed against them, but more in view of the organizational and productive modalities enshrined in the network contract, which specifically affect work relationships considered as productive factors necessary for the realization of a common purpose. It is therefore necessary to question the identification of the employer employed in the implementation of the common network program (the common purpose) and, consequently, on the rights of the network workers with whom the individual employment contract has been stipulated. To this end, the phenomenon of business networks in Spain is examined. A comparative analysis highlights the main differences between the Italian and the Iberian systems. As you can see, it is in relation to the question of the employer's identification and, in particular, the possibility of imputing the employment relationship to a plurality of employers, as being the main difference within the Italian system. Finally, the last part of the research is devoted to analyzing the implications of the relationship between the network contractor, reflecting in particular on the difficulties of importing the debate on co-employment within the subject network. The issue of co-employment, in fact, complicates when aggregate entrepreneurs decide to acquire the legal subjectivity of the network. Whereas, in the case of a contract network, ownership of legal situations remain individual to each participant, where the contracting parties opt for the establishment of a network subject, the network becomes an autonomous centre of charge of interest and legal relations therefore a “distinguished” subject from the companies that have signed the contract. However, codification, which implies that the traditional binary pair of the working relationship (employer/employee) replaces a number of subjects on the side of the creditors, so can it be considered compatible with the particular case of the subject network? There are a number of elements that would seem to suggest a negative response.
Il lavoro è diretto ad indagare gli effetti che si producono sui rapporti di lavoro in conseguenza dell’organizzazione delle imprese in forma di rete, anche alla luce delle recenti modifiche normative, che distinguono tra reti soggetto e reti contratto. Il funzionamento del contratto di rete, che implica l’esercizio di attività economiche da parte di imprese diverse per uno scopo comune, sfruttando la complementarietà fra i loro interessi, solleva problemi non irrilevanti per l’impiego dei lavoratori dipendenti nell’ambito della rete. La rete, infatti, agisce come fattore di cambiamento dei contenuti dei rapporti di lavoro, modulando la struttura dell’obbligazione in funzione degli obiettivi condivisi dalle imprese organizzate in forma reticolare. E’ prassi comune che la condivisione delle competenze all’interno della rete comporti una certa “circolazione” delle risorse umane, talora impiegate in maniera promiscua, verso le quali sarebbero opportune politiche occupazionali condivise. Il contratto di rete allora pone sfide significative al diritto del lavoro, poiché, con la moltiplicazione delle figure di riferimento sul fronte datoriale, impone all’interprete di confrontarsi con un modello di relazioni anomalo rispetto allo schema binario lavoratore/datore di lavoro. La prima e fondamentale questione riguarda il significato del termine “codatorialità”. Si tratta di capire se la formula della codatorialità può rappresentare un utile schema ricostruttivo capace di far gravare in capo a più soggetti datoriali le responsabilità derivanti dall’impiego dei lavoratori a favore della rete, capovolgendo così il principio della bilateralità della relazione contrattuale fra datore di lavoro e lavoratore. In questa prospettiva, le imprese partecipanti al programma di rete risulterebbero responsabilizzate rispetto ai crediti dei lavoratori coinvolti, non tanto sulla base dell’obbligazione contrattuale individuale assunta nei loro confronti, quanto in considerazione delle modalità organizzative e produttive sancite dal contratto di rete, le quali concretamente incidono sui rapporti di lavoro considerati come fattori produttivi necessari per la realizzazione dello scopo comune. E’ necessario pertanto interrogarsi sulla identificazione del titolare dei rapporti di lavoro impiegati per realizzare il programma comune di rete (lo scopo comune) e, di conseguenza, su quali siano i diritti che i lavoratori della rete possono esigere dall’organizzazione reticolare, e non solo dalla singola impresa aderente alla rete con cui hanno stipulato il contratto individuale di lavoro. Viene esaminato poi il fenomeno delle reti di imprese in Spagna. Attraverso un’analisi comparata vengono poste in rilievo le principali differenze che intercorrono tra il sistema italiano e quello iberico. Come si vedrà, è proprio in relazione alla questione dell’individuazione del datore di lavoro e, in particolare, alla possibilità o meno di imputare il rapporto di lavoro ad una pluralità di datori, che emerge la principale differenza con l’ordinamento italiano. Infine, l’ultima parte della ricerca è dedicata ad analizzare le implicazioni sul rapporto di lavoro della distinzione tra rete soggetto e rete contratto, riflettendo in particolare sulle difficoltà di importare il dibattito relativo alla codatorialità nell’ambito della rete soggetto. La questione della codatorialità, infatti, si complica nel caso in cui gli imprenditori aggregati decidano di far acquisire alla rete soggettività giuridica. Mentre nel caso di costituzione di una rete contratto la titolarità delle situazioni giuridiche rimane individuale dei singoli partecipanti (di ogni imprenditore/datore di lavoro aderente alla rete), qualora le parti contraenti optino per la costituzione di una rete soggetto, la rete diviene un autonomo centro di imputazione di interessi e rapporti giuridici e quindi un soggetto “distinto” dalle imprese che hanno sottoscritto il contratto. Ma allora la codatorialità, che implica che alla tradizionale coppia binaria del rapporto di lavoro (datore/lavoratore) si sostituisca dal lato del creditore di lavoro una pluralità di soggetti, è compatibile con la fattispecie della rete soggetto? Vi sono una serie di elementi che sembrerebbero far propendere per una risposta negativa.
Il datore di lavoro nelle reti di imprese. Riflessioni su rete soggetto e rete contratto
Di Salvatore, Luca
2017-09-19
Abstract
This abstract aims to investigate the effects of working relationships as a result of the organization of businesses in the form of a network, also in the light of recent regulatory changes, which make a distinction between subject networks and contract networks. The operation of the contract network, implies the pursuit of economic activities by different undertakings for a common purpose, exploiting the complementarity of their interests and raises non-irrelevant problems for the employment of employees within the network. The network, essentially, acts as a factor in changing the content of labor relations, modulating the structure of the bond according to the shared objectives of the companies organized in a reticulated fashion. It is common practice that the sharing of competences within the network involves a certain "circulation" of human resources, sometimes employed in a promiscuous manner, hence it is reasonable to share employment policies. The network contract poses significant labor law challenges because, by multiplying the reference figures on the employer front, it requires the interpreter to confront an abnormal relationship model with the binary worker / employer scheme. The first and fundamental question concerns the meaning of the term "co-employment". It is yet to be understood whether the co-employment formula can be a useful reconstructive scheme capable of giving rise to the responsibility of employers in favor of the network, thus overturning the principle of the duality of the contractual relationship between the employer and the worker.In this perspective, the companies participating in the network program would be accountable to the claims of the workers involved, not so much on the basis of the individual contractual obligation assumed against them, but more in view of the organizational and productive modalities enshrined in the network contract, which specifically affect work relationships considered as productive factors necessary for the realization of a common purpose. It is therefore necessary to question the identification of the employer employed in the implementation of the common network program (the common purpose) and, consequently, on the rights of the network workers with whom the individual employment contract has been stipulated. To this end, the phenomenon of business networks in Spain is examined. A comparative analysis highlights the main differences between the Italian and the Iberian systems. As you can see, it is in relation to the question of the employer's identification and, in particular, the possibility of imputing the employment relationship to a plurality of employers, as being the main difference within the Italian system. Finally, the last part of the research is devoted to analyzing the implications of the relationship between the network contractor, reflecting in particular on the difficulties of importing the debate on co-employment within the subject network. The issue of co-employment, in fact, complicates when aggregate entrepreneurs decide to acquire the legal subjectivity of the network. Whereas, in the case of a contract network, ownership of legal situations remain individual to each participant, where the contracting parties opt for the establishment of a network subject, the network becomes an autonomous centre of charge of interest and legal relations therefore a “distinguished” subject from the companies that have signed the contract. However, codification, which implies that the traditional binary pair of the working relationship (employer/employee) replaces a number of subjects on the side of the creditors, so can it be considered compatible with the particular case of the subject network? There are a number of elements that would seem to suggest a negative response.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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