The assisted reproductive technologies allow investigators to discern how mammalian sperm achieve capacitation through a sequence of biochemical modifications that lead to the establishment of fully fertilizing ability. In this way, in vitro studies on boar spermatozoa incubated in a specifically designed in vitro capacitation medium (CM) for 4h show the whole of structural and functional changes that boar sperm suffers during the achievement of the capacitation status. These changes comprise modifications in parameters like sperm motility, membrane lipid disorder, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium levels, tyrosine phosphorylation levels of protein and their new arrangement, and increasing of intracellular levels of free cysteine radicals. The addition of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione or melatonin to the medium prevented or modified the majority of capacitation-like changes. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of two known antioxidant agents, reduced glutathione (GSH) and melatonin, on the achievement of boar sperm in vitro capacitation (IVC) and subsequent in vitro, progesterone-induced acrosome exocytosis (IVAE). For this purpose, in the first study the CM was supplemented with three different concentrations of GSH. Results shown that GSH-sensitive mechanisms had important effects on the achievement of a feasible boar sperm IVC and subsequent, progesterone-induced IVAE. This is concluded by the fact that several important markers of the achievement of boar sperm IVC like motion parameters, changes of sperm mebrane fluidity and the overal tyrosine phosphorylation status are altered by GSH. In the second study, melatonin was added to the CM in three separate concentrations. Supplementation of melatonin resulted in a noticeable negative effect on motility, which was concomitant with a very intense increase in the percentage of agglutination between cells in a dose–dependent manner. Meanwhile, melatonin seems to have a positive effect on superoxids and peroxids levels, and also seems to stabilize the levels of free-cysteine radicals depending on its concentration in the extender. In conclusion, our researchs would suggest that boar sperm capacitation is linked to an increase of free cysteine residues and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Furthermore, these increases seem to be instrumental in the launching of subsequent IVAE. Thus, the launching of a mild oxidative stress status might be one of the factors related with the establishment of a feasible IVC and subsequent IVAE. In this way, antioxidants like GSH and melatonin seem to have an effect on ionic and redox mechanisms, altering some biochemical and fisiologic process, and compensing the damageous effects provoked by an excessive exposition of the cells to ROS compounds.
Le tecniche di riproduzione in vitro, permettono di investigare riguardo i meccanismi biochimici connessi con la capacitazione spermatica, e la successiva fecondazione. A tal proposito, studi in vitro su spermatozoi di suino incubati per 4 ore in uno specifico medium capacitante (CM), rendono possibile effettuare un’analisi approfondita dei cambiamenti strutturali e funzionali che si verificano a livello spermatico durante il raggiungimento dello status capacitato. Tra i parametri interessati dai suddetti cambiamenti ritroviamo: la motilità spermatica, disordini della membrana lipidica, cambiamenti nel potenziale di membrana mitocondriale, variazioni nei livelli di calcio intracellulari, differenti livelli di fosforilazione delle tirosine proteiche e una nuova ridistribuzione delle stesse, ed infine un incremento dei livelli intracellulari dei radicali liberi di cisteina. L’aggiunta al medium di antiossidanti come, il glutatione ridotto (GSH) o la melatonina sembra intervengano nella prevenzione e/o modificazione della maggior parte dei cambiamenti biochimici associati alla capacitazione. Scopo della tesi è stato di studiare gli effetti di questi agenti antiossidanti, sul raggiungimento della capacitazione in vitro (IVC) degli spermatozoi di suino e sulla successiva esocitosi a livello acrosomiale indotta dall’aggiunta di progesterone in vitro (IVAE). Nel primo studio il medium capacitante è stato integrato con GSH a tre differenti concentrazioni. I risultati ottenuti in vitro hanno mostrato la presenza di meccanismi GSH-sensibili che sembrano interferiscano in maniera importante nel raggiungimento di uno status capacitato, e della successiva IVAE indotta dal progestorene. Infatti la maggioria dei parametri usati come marcatori principali della capacitazione spermatica suina quali, motilità spermatica, cambi nella fluidità delle membrane spermatiche e lo stato di fosforilazione delle tirosine vengono alterati dalla presenza nel medium di GSH. Il secondo studio invece, è improntato sull’aggiunta di melatonina al medium capacitante, in tre distinte concentrazioni. L’aggiunta di melatonina ha fatto registare un notevole calo nei valori di motilità spermatica, concomitanti con un netto incremento nella percentuale di agglutinazione tra gli spermatozoi, e un’intensità di questi effetti variabile in maniera dose-specifica. Viceversa l’aggiunta di melatonina al medium ha abbassato la concentrazione di perossidi e superossidi presenti a livello intracellulare, nonchè stabilizzato i livelli di radicali liberi delle cisteine sempre con una modalità d’azione dose-effetto. Entrambe, le ricerche hanno dimostrato che la capacitazione produce un incremento dei radicali liberi di cisteina e dei livelli intracellulari di radicali liberi relativi allo stress ossidativo. Entro determinati livelli questi incrementi sembrano tra l’altro rivelarsi fondamentali nell’innesco del successivo IVAE. La presenza di un leggero stress ossidativo viene considerato indispensabile al fine di innescare la capacitazione spermatica e la successiva esocitosi acrosomiale. Inoltre, antiossidanti come il GSH e la melatonina sembra vengano implicati nei meccanismi redox e ionici a livello cellulare, con l’alterazione di alcuni processi fisiologici e biochimici, e che compensino gli effetti dannosi risultanti da un’eccessiva esposizione delle cellule ad alte concentrazioni di radicali liberi quali, superossidi e perossidi intracellulari (ROS: O2-● e H2O2).
Effects of antioxidants, reduced glutathione and melatonin, on in vitro boar sperm capacitation and acrosome exocytosis
ROCCO, MARTINA
2017-05-23
Abstract
The assisted reproductive technologies allow investigators to discern how mammalian sperm achieve capacitation through a sequence of biochemical modifications that lead to the establishment of fully fertilizing ability. In this way, in vitro studies on boar spermatozoa incubated in a specifically designed in vitro capacitation medium (CM) for 4h show the whole of structural and functional changes that boar sperm suffers during the achievement of the capacitation status. These changes comprise modifications in parameters like sperm motility, membrane lipid disorder, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium levels, tyrosine phosphorylation levels of protein and their new arrangement, and increasing of intracellular levels of free cysteine radicals. The addition of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione or melatonin to the medium prevented or modified the majority of capacitation-like changes. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of two known antioxidant agents, reduced glutathione (GSH) and melatonin, on the achievement of boar sperm in vitro capacitation (IVC) and subsequent in vitro, progesterone-induced acrosome exocytosis (IVAE). For this purpose, in the first study the CM was supplemented with three different concentrations of GSH. Results shown that GSH-sensitive mechanisms had important effects on the achievement of a feasible boar sperm IVC and subsequent, progesterone-induced IVAE. This is concluded by the fact that several important markers of the achievement of boar sperm IVC like motion parameters, changes of sperm mebrane fluidity and the overal tyrosine phosphorylation status are altered by GSH. In the second study, melatonin was added to the CM in three separate concentrations. Supplementation of melatonin resulted in a noticeable negative effect on motility, which was concomitant with a very intense increase in the percentage of agglutination between cells in a dose–dependent manner. Meanwhile, melatonin seems to have a positive effect on superoxids and peroxids levels, and also seems to stabilize the levels of free-cysteine radicals depending on its concentration in the extender. In conclusion, our researchs would suggest that boar sperm capacitation is linked to an increase of free cysteine residues and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Furthermore, these increases seem to be instrumental in the launching of subsequent IVAE. Thus, the launching of a mild oxidative stress status might be one of the factors related with the establishment of a feasible IVC and subsequent IVAE. In this way, antioxidants like GSH and melatonin seem to have an effect on ionic and redox mechanisms, altering some biochemical and fisiologic process, and compensing the damageous effects provoked by an excessive exposition of the cells to ROS compounds.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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