Neurotrophins (NTs), including NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4, constitute a small family of growth factors that play a fundamental role in the regulation, development and proper functioning of the nervous system. These molecules are essential regulators of neuronal differentiation, survival and long-term functional maintenance. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that NTs may contribute to brain homeostasis by modulating key cellular processes such as cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress and autophagy. Notably, dysregulation of these molecular pathways is a hallmark of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by severe neurodegenerative manifestations. Among them, Niemann–Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Altered cholesterol homeostasis in NP-C leads to progressive neuronal loss, with Purkinje neurons being particularly vulnerable, ultimately resulting in motor dysfunction and premature death. Although the therapeutic potential of NTs has been extensively investigated in various conditions associated with neuronal injury, their specific role in NP-C remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the research of this PhD thesis was aimed at evaluating whether NT signaling could counteract cholesterol perturbations in cell models of NP-C. The main results revealed that treatment with rhNGF, provided by Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., improves the pathological cellular changes observed in fibroblasts derived from NP-C patients. rhNGF has proven to be effective in reducing the typical accumulation of free cholesterol in NP-C cells. This cholesterol- lowering effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, by increased expression and enhanced lysosomal localization of the NPC1 protein. Moreover, rhNGF stabilizes the NPC1 protein in NP-C fibroblasts, slowing down its rate of degradation, suggesting that rhNGF may exert an effect on post- translational mechanisms, leading to a partial restoration of cholesterol homeostasis in diseased cells. In addition, rhNGF administration resulted in increased levels of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) in both NP-C fibroblast lines, with a notable enhancement of its activation. Indeed, TFEB is one of the master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis. Therefore, its modulation could contribute to an improvement in lysosomal function in NP-C cells. Importantly, rhNGF, which shows promising therapeutic potential, proved to be safe, as it did not affect the viability of NP-C cells at the dose and treatment duration used in the experiments. The data presented here highlight the role of rhNGF in cholesterol physiopathology, suggesting that its modulation may represent an innovative therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative metabolic disorders. However, further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of rhNGF will be necessary to clarify its potential clinical impact and to open new perspectives for counteracting cellular dyshomeostasis in NP-C.
Le neurotrofine, comprendenti l’NGF, il BDNF, NT-3 e NT-4, consistono in una piccola famiglia di fattori di crescita che rivestono un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione, nello sviluppo e nel corretto funzionamento del sistema nervoso. Queste molecole sono regolatori essenziali del differenziamento neuronale, ma anche della sopravvivenza e del mantenimento a lungo termine neurale. In aggiunta, crescenti evidenze suggeriscono che le neurotrofine potrebbero contribuire all’omeostasi cerebrale modulando processi cellulari chiave come il metabolismo del colesterolo, lo stress ossidativo e l’autofagia. In particolare, l’alterazione nella regolazione di queste vie molecolari è una caratteristica distintiva delle patologie ad accumulo lisosomiale. Un gruppo eterogeneo di malattie caratterizzate da sintomi neurodegenerativi severi. Tra questi, la Niemann-Pick di tipo C (NP-C) è un raro disordine neurodegenerativo principalmente causato dalle mutazioni nel gene NPC1, che codifica per una proteina coinvolta nel traffico intracellulare del colesterolo. Un’omeostasi del colesterolo alterata nella NP-C porta ad una perdita neuronale progressiva, i neuroni del Purkinje diventano particolarmente vulnerabili, con conseguente disfunzione motoria e morte prematura. Sebbene il potenziale terapeutico delle neurotrofine sia stato estensivamente investigato in varie condizioni associate con danno neuronale, il loro ruolo specifico nella NP-C rimane ampiamente inesplorato. Pertanto, il lavoro di ricerca di questa tesi di Dottorato ha avuto lo scopo di valutare se le neurotrofine possano contrastare le perturbazioni del metabolismo del colesterolo in un modello cellulare di NP-C. I principali risultati dimostrano che il trattamento con il fattore di crescita neurotrofico ricombinante (rhNGF), fornito dalla Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., migliora I cambiamenti cellulari patologici osservati nei fibroblasti ottenuti dai pazienti affetti da NP-C. L’rhNGF si è rivelato efficace nel ridurre il tipico accumulo di colesterolo libero nelle cellule NP-C. Questo effetto ipocolesterolemizzante appare essere mediato, almeno in parte, da una maggiore espressione e incrementata localizzazione lisosomiale della proteina NPC1. Inoltre, l’rhNGF stabilizza la proteina NPC1 nei fibroblasti NP-C, rallentando il suo tasso di degradazione, suggerendo che l’rhNGF potrebbe esercitare un effetto sui meccanismi post-traduzionali, portando ad un parziale ripristino dell’omeostasi del colesterolo nelle cellule malate. In aggiunta, la somministrazione dell’rhNGF determina un incremento nei livelli del Fattore Trascrizionale EB (TFEB) in entrambe le linee di fibroblasti NP-C, con un notevole aumento nella sua attivazione. Infatti, TFEB è uno dei regolatori chiave della biogenesi lisosomiale e del processo di esocitosi. Pertanto, la sua modulazione potrebbe contribuire ad un miglioramento nelle funzioni lisosomiali nelle cellule NP-C. È importante sottolineare che l’rhNGF, che ha mostrato un promettente potenziale terapeutico, è risultato sicuro non avendo compromesso la vitalità delle cellule NP-C alla dose e per la durata del trattamento utilizzate negli esperimenti. I dati qui riportati evidenziano il ruolo dell’rhNGF nella fisiopatologia del colesterolo, suggerendo che la sua modulazione potrebbe rappresentare una strategia terapeutica innovativa per i disordini metabolici neurodegenerativi. Tutttavia, saranno necessarie ulteriori indagini relative ai meccanismi molecolari alla base degli effetti dell’rhNGF, al fine di chiarirne il potenziale impatto clinico e di aprire nuove prospettive per contrastare l’alterata omeostasi cellulare nella NP-C.
Study of the biological effects induced by new compounds in Niemann-Pick type C disease
VARONE, Michela
2026-05-27
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs), including NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4, constitute a small family of growth factors that play a fundamental role in the regulation, development and proper functioning of the nervous system. These molecules are essential regulators of neuronal differentiation, survival and long-term functional maintenance. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that NTs may contribute to brain homeostasis by modulating key cellular processes such as cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress and autophagy. Notably, dysregulation of these molecular pathways is a hallmark of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by severe neurodegenerative manifestations. Among them, Niemann–Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Altered cholesterol homeostasis in NP-C leads to progressive neuronal loss, with Purkinje neurons being particularly vulnerable, ultimately resulting in motor dysfunction and premature death. Although the therapeutic potential of NTs has been extensively investigated in various conditions associated with neuronal injury, their specific role in NP-C remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the research of this PhD thesis was aimed at evaluating whether NT signaling could counteract cholesterol perturbations in cell models of NP-C. The main results revealed that treatment with rhNGF, provided by Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., improves the pathological cellular changes observed in fibroblasts derived from NP-C patients. rhNGF has proven to be effective in reducing the typical accumulation of free cholesterol in NP-C cells. This cholesterol- lowering effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, by increased expression and enhanced lysosomal localization of the NPC1 protein. Moreover, rhNGF stabilizes the NPC1 protein in NP-C fibroblasts, slowing down its rate of degradation, suggesting that rhNGF may exert an effect on post- translational mechanisms, leading to a partial restoration of cholesterol homeostasis in diseased cells. In addition, rhNGF administration resulted in increased levels of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) in both NP-C fibroblast lines, with a notable enhancement of its activation. Indeed, TFEB is one of the master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis. Therefore, its modulation could contribute to an improvement in lysosomal function in NP-C cells. Importantly, rhNGF, which shows promising therapeutic potential, proved to be safe, as it did not affect the viability of NP-C cells at the dose and treatment duration used in the experiments. The data presented here highlight the role of rhNGF in cholesterol physiopathology, suggesting that its modulation may represent an innovative therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative metabolic disorders. However, further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of rhNGF will be necessary to clarify its potential clinical impact and to open new perspectives for counteracting cellular dyshomeostasis in NP-C.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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