The ongoing increase in energy demand and industrial development has resulted in a substantial discharge of hydrocarbons and heavy metals into the environment. These persistent contaminants have a profound impact on biogeochemical cycles, engendering significant ecological and health concerns. Conventional remediation technologies (physicochemical treatments) are often expensive, invasive, and sometimes incapable of restoring ecological functionality. In this scenario, bioremediation represents a green approach that leverages the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to degrade or immobilize contaminants. This approach is in line with circular economy strategies and Nature-Based Solutions promoted by European policies. This study explored two complementary lines of research to address the issue under discussion. The first focused on the isolation and characterisation of hydrocarbon-oxidising bacterial strains from sources naturally contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. The second involved the analysis of their genetic makeup and the assessment of their potential application as bioremediation tools, both as a microbial consortium alone or in synergy with plants, to enhance current bioremediation practices. This approach is predicated on the observation that chronically contaminated environments can serve as reservoirs of microbial biodiversity with unique metabolic capabilities, and that the interaction between microorganisms and plants can enhance the efficiency of decontamination processes. The naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated springs of Tramutola, in the Agri Valley (Basilicata region, Italy), could function as a natural laboratory, wherein the presence of hydrocarbons and gases (H2S) has led to the selection of hydrocarbon-oxidising microorganisms. Water and soil samples collected at this site were enriched in Bushnell–Haas medium with diesel oil as the sole carbon source. Four strains - Gordonia amicalis strain S2S5, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain S2W2, Acinetobacter puyangensis strain S1W1, and A. tibetensis strain S2S8 - were selected for the purpose of investigating their capacity for growth on diesel oil and their emulsification properties. Complete genomic sequencing revealed the presence of genes associated with the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and with the detoxification of heavy metals, thus confirming the biotechnological potential of these microorganisms. The four strains were assembled into a microbial consortium and used, in an initial trial carried out in lake water mesocosms artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to evaluate their bioaugmentation capacity. Following a 28-day period, net of losses due to abiotic factors (11.84%), the bioaugmented mesocosm removed 19.11% of hydrocarbons, compared to 6.00% obtained through natural attenuation, thereby demonstrating superior efficacy. Metagenomic analyses revealed a remodelling of the microbial community, with an increase in the relative abundances of Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and other degrading taxa and a reduction in alpha-diversity. The subsequent research then addressed the application to complex solid matrices. An historical industrial soil in Taranto (Apulia region, Italy), which had been historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals, was selected for the experimental setup of mesocosms. The microcosms comprised four distinct conditions: historically contaminated soil, bioaugmentation with the microbial consortium, soil planted with Lavandula angustifolia, and a combined treatment (consortium and plant). Following a 90-day period of observation, the combination of treatments resulted in the most significant reductions in lead (44.7%) and tin (66.9%), while concurrently leading to an increase in soil pH. Additionally, the combination treatment yielded the highest soil quality index (SQI = 0.73 versus 0.32 for the control). The integration of plant and microbial strains resulted in the stimulation of dehydrogenase activity, an increase in microbial abundance, and the selection of adapted communities. In contrast, bioaugmentation alone exhibited a reduced degree of persistence. The application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and functional prediction has revealed an enrichment of functions related to metal efflux, siderophore, and biosurfactants production in the combined treatment. This finding demonstrated the synergy between L. angustifolia and the bacterial consortium. The present study has demonstrated that natural hydrocarbon contaminated environments can constitute reservoirs of microbial biodiversity useful for environmental biotechnology and that the isolated strains can offer high potential for bioremediation applications. The application of bioaugmentation, through the introduction of a selected microbial consortium, has been demonstrated to enhance hydrocarbon removal in contaminated waters. In the context of multi-contaminated soils, the integration of bioaugmentation with aromatic plants has been shown to address the complexity of the soil matrix, thereby promoting the stabilisation of heavy metals and the recovery of soil quality. The thesis is divided into chapters that address the following topics: a review of the existing literature, the isolation and characterisation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial strains, bioaugmentation experiments carried out by using artificially hydrocarbon-contaminated lake waters, and the experimentation conducted on multi-contaminated soils with the combined use of the bacterial consortium and L. angustifolia. The thesis concludes with a summary of the scientific and applicative implications deriving from this approach.
Il continuo aumento della domanda energetica e lo sviluppo industriale hanno portato a un notevole scarico di idrocarburi e metalli pesanti nell'ambiente. Questi contaminanti persistenti hanno un profondo impatto sui cicli biogeochimici, generando significative preoccupazioni ecologiche e sanitarie. Le tecnologie di bonifica convenzionali (trattamenti fisico-chimici) sono spesso costose, invasive e talvolta incapaci di ripristinare la funzionalità ecologica. In questo scenario, il biorisanamento rappresenta un approccio ecologico che sfrutta le capacità metaboliche dei microrganismi per degradare o immobilizzare i contaminanti; risultante in linea con le strategie di economia circolare e le Nature Based Solutions (NBS) promosse dalle politiche europee. Questo studio ha esplorato due linee di ricerca complementari per affrontare la questione in discussione. La prima si è concentrata sull'isolamento e la caratterizzazione di ceppi batterici idrocarburo-ossidanti provenienti da sorgenti naturalmente contaminate da idrocarburi petroliferi. La seconda ha riguardato l'analisi del loro corredo genetico e la valutazione della loro potenziale applicazione nel biorisanamento, sia come consorzio microbico che in sinergia con le piante, per migliorare le attuali pratiche di biorisanamento. Questo approccio si basa sull'osservazione che gli ambienti cronicamente contaminati possono fungere da serbatoi di biodiversità microbica con capacità metaboliche uniche e che l'interazione tra microrganismi e piante può migliorare l'efficienza dei processi di decontaminazione. Le sorgenti naturalmente contaminate da idrocarburi di Tramutola, in Val d'Agri (Basilicata, Italia), potrebbero fungere da laboratorio naturale, in cui la presenza di idrocarburi e gas tossici (H2S) ha portato alla selezione di microrganismi idrocarburo-ossidanti. I campioni di acqua e suolo raccolti in questo sito sono stati arricchiti in terreno Bushnell-Haas con gasolio come unica fonte di carbonio. Quattro ceppi - Gordonia amicalis ceppo S2S5, Rhodococcus erythropolis ceppo S2W2, Acinetobacter puyangensis ceppo S1W1 e A. tibetensis ceppo S2S8 - sono stati selezionati allo scopo di studiare la loro capacità di metabolizzare idrocarburi di origine petrolifera e le loro proprietà emulsionanti. Il sequenziamento genomico completo ha rivelato la presenza di geni associati alla degradazione degli idrocarburi alifatici e aromatici e alla detossificazione dei metalli pesanti, confermando così il potenziale biotecnologico di questi microrganismi. I quattro ceppi sono stati assemblati in un consorzio microbico e utilizzati, in una prova iniziale condotta in mesocosmi con acque di lago contaminati artificialmente con gasolio, per valutare la loro capacità di bioaugmentation. Dopo un periodo di 28 giorni, al netto delle perdite dovute a fattori abiotici (11,84%), il mesocosmo bioaugmentation ha rimosso il 19,11% degli idrocarburi, rispetto al 6,00% ottenuto attraverso l'attenuazione naturale, dimostrando così un'efficacia superiore. Le analisi metagenomiche hanno rivelato un rimodellamento della comunità microbica, con un aumento dell'abbondanza relativa di Rhodococcus, Gordonia e altri taxa degradanti e una riduzione della α-diversità. La ricerca successiva ha poi affrontato l'applicazione a matrici solide complesse. Per l'allestimento sperimentale dei microcosmi è stato selezionato un terreno industriale di Taranto (Puglia, Italia), storicamente contaminato da policlorobifenili (PCB) e metalli pesanti. I microcosmi comprendevano quattro condizioni distinte: terreno non trattato, bioaugmentation con il consorzio microbico, Plant-Assisted Bioremediation con Lavandula angustifolia (PABR) e trattamento combinato (consorzio e pianta). Dopo un periodo di osservazione di 90 giorni, la combinazione dei trattamenti ha portato alle riduzioni più significative di piombo (44,7%) e stagno (66,9%), determinando contemporaneamente un aumento del pH del suolo. Inoltre, il trattamento combinato ha prodotto il più alto indice di qualità del suolo (SQI = 0,73 contro 0,32 per il controllo). L'integrazione di piante e ceppi microbici ha portato alla stimolazione dell'attività della deidrogenasi (DHA), a un aumento dell'abbondanza microbica e alla selezione di comunità adattate. Al contrario, il solo bioaugmentation ha mostrato un grado ridotto di persistenza. L'applicazione dell'analisi del sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA e della previsione funzionale ha rivelato un arricchimento delle funzioni relative all'efflusso di metalli, alla produzione di siderofori e di biosurfattanti nel trattamento combinato. Questa scoperta ha dimostrato la sinergia tra L. angustifolia e il consorzio batterico. Il presente studio ha dimostrato che gli ambienti naturali contaminati da idrocarburi possono costituire serbatoi di biodiversità microbica utili per la biotecnologia ambientale e che i ceppi isolati possono offrire un elevato potenziale per applicazioni di biorisanamento. È stato dimostrato che l'applicazione del bioaugmentation, attraverso l'introduzione di un consorzio microbico selezionato, migliora la rimozione degli idrocarburi nelle acque contaminate. Nel contesto dei suoli multi-contaminati, l'integrazione del bioaugmentation con piante aromatiche ha dimostrato di affrontare la complessità della matrice del suolo, promuovendo così la stabilizzazione dei metalli pesanti e il recupero della qualità del suolo. La tesi è suddivisa in capitoli che affrontano i seguenti argomenti: una revisione della letteratura esistente, l'isolamento e la caratterizzazione dei ceppi batterici idrocarburo-ossidanti, gli esperimenti di bioaugmentation condotti utilizzando acque lacustri contaminate artificialmente da idrocarburi e la sperimentazione condotta su suoli multi-contaminati con l'uso combinato del consorzio batterico e della L. angustifolia. La tesi si conclude con una sintesi delle implicazioni scientifiche e applicative derivanti da questo approccio.
Isolation and characterization of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial strains and their potential application in bioremediation
CAVONE, Cristina
2026-06-19
Abstract
The ongoing increase in energy demand and industrial development has resulted in a substantial discharge of hydrocarbons and heavy metals into the environment. These persistent contaminants have a profound impact on biogeochemical cycles, engendering significant ecological and health concerns. Conventional remediation technologies (physicochemical treatments) are often expensive, invasive, and sometimes incapable of restoring ecological functionality. In this scenario, bioremediation represents a green approach that leverages the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to degrade or immobilize contaminants. This approach is in line with circular economy strategies and Nature-Based Solutions promoted by European policies. This study explored two complementary lines of research to address the issue under discussion. The first focused on the isolation and characterisation of hydrocarbon-oxidising bacterial strains from sources naturally contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. The second involved the analysis of their genetic makeup and the assessment of their potential application as bioremediation tools, both as a microbial consortium alone or in synergy with plants, to enhance current bioremediation practices. This approach is predicated on the observation that chronically contaminated environments can serve as reservoirs of microbial biodiversity with unique metabolic capabilities, and that the interaction between microorganisms and plants can enhance the efficiency of decontamination processes. The naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated springs of Tramutola, in the Agri Valley (Basilicata region, Italy), could function as a natural laboratory, wherein the presence of hydrocarbons and gases (H2S) has led to the selection of hydrocarbon-oxidising microorganisms. Water and soil samples collected at this site were enriched in Bushnell–Haas medium with diesel oil as the sole carbon source. Four strains - Gordonia amicalis strain S2S5, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain S2W2, Acinetobacter puyangensis strain S1W1, and A. tibetensis strain S2S8 - were selected for the purpose of investigating their capacity for growth on diesel oil and their emulsification properties. Complete genomic sequencing revealed the presence of genes associated with the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and with the detoxification of heavy metals, thus confirming the biotechnological potential of these microorganisms. The four strains were assembled into a microbial consortium and used, in an initial trial carried out in lake water mesocosms artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to evaluate their bioaugmentation capacity. Following a 28-day period, net of losses due to abiotic factors (11.84%), the bioaugmented mesocosm removed 19.11% of hydrocarbons, compared to 6.00% obtained through natural attenuation, thereby demonstrating superior efficacy. Metagenomic analyses revealed a remodelling of the microbial community, with an increase in the relative abundances of Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and other degrading taxa and a reduction in alpha-diversity. The subsequent research then addressed the application to complex solid matrices. An historical industrial soil in Taranto (Apulia region, Italy), which had been historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals, was selected for the experimental setup of mesocosms. The microcosms comprised four distinct conditions: historically contaminated soil, bioaugmentation with the microbial consortium, soil planted with Lavandula angustifolia, and a combined treatment (consortium and plant). Following a 90-day period of observation, the combination of treatments resulted in the most significant reductions in lead (44.7%) and tin (66.9%), while concurrently leading to an increase in soil pH. Additionally, the combination treatment yielded the highest soil quality index (SQI = 0.73 versus 0.32 for the control). The integration of plant and microbial strains resulted in the stimulation of dehydrogenase activity, an increase in microbial abundance, and the selection of adapted communities. In contrast, bioaugmentation alone exhibited a reduced degree of persistence. The application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and functional prediction has revealed an enrichment of functions related to metal efflux, siderophore, and biosurfactants production in the combined treatment. This finding demonstrated the synergy between L. angustifolia and the bacterial consortium. The present study has demonstrated that natural hydrocarbon contaminated environments can constitute reservoirs of microbial biodiversity useful for environmental biotechnology and that the isolated strains can offer high potential for bioremediation applications. The application of bioaugmentation, through the introduction of a selected microbial consortium, has been demonstrated to enhance hydrocarbon removal in contaminated waters. In the context of multi-contaminated soils, the integration of bioaugmentation with aromatic plants has been shown to address the complexity of the soil matrix, thereby promoting the stabilisation of heavy metals and the recovery of soil quality. The thesis is divided into chapters that address the following topics: a review of the existing literature, the isolation and characterisation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial strains, bioaugmentation experiments carried out by using artificially hydrocarbon-contaminated lake waters, and the experimentation conducted on multi-contaminated soils with the combined use of the bacterial consortium and L. angustifolia. The thesis concludes with a summary of the scientific and applicative implications deriving from this approach.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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