The identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with probiotic potential requires experimental systems capable of assessing host-microbe interactions in an integrated biological context. However, vertebrate models traditionally used in preclinical research present ethical, economic, and logistical limitations that restrict their applicability in early screening phases. In this context, invertebrate models possessing conserved innate immune mechanisms represent a promising alternative for the preliminary functional evaluation of candidate probiotic strains. This study investigated the potential of Galleria mellonella larvae as an alternative preclinical model for the functional screening of LAB, with particular focus on their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. During the course of the project, several experimental approaches were developed and optimized in the larval model, including systemic injection, a burn wound infection model, and oral administration. In parallel, a protocol for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis of innate immune mediators was implemented, enabling the monitoring of host immune responses through RT-PCR following bacterial exposure. These approaches were applied to evaluate the biological effects of different LAB strains, including reference strains from international collections and isolates derived from human breast milk. The results revealed strain-specific differences in the ability to modulate host immune responses, exert antimicrobial activity, and confer protection against pathogens associated with intestinal infections. In addition, the production of extracellular vesicles by Limosilactobacillus fermentum (a bacterial strain isolated from human breast milk) was investigated, suggesting a potential role for these structures in host-microbe interactions and immunomodulatory processes. Overall, the findings support the use of G. mellonella as a useful in vivo experimental system for the preliminary functional characterization of LAB, providing biologically informative readouts that can facilitate the rational selection of candidate strains for subsequent studies in vertebrate models.
L’identificazione di ceppi di batteri lattici (Lactic Acid Bacteria, LAB) con proprietà probiotiche richiede sistemi sperimentali in grado di valutare in modo integrato le interazioni tra microrganismi e ospite. Tuttavia, i modelli vertebrati comunemente utilizzati nella ricerca preclinica presentano limitazioni etiche, economiche e operative che ne rendono poco sostenibile l’impiego nelle fasi di screening iniziale. In questo contesto, modelli invertebrati dotati di un sistema immunitario innato conservato rappresentano una possibile alternativa per la valutazione funzionale preliminare dei ceppi candidati. Il presente studio ha investigato il potenziale di Galleria mellonella come modello preclinico alternativo per lo screening funzionale dei LAB, con particolare attenzione alle attività immunomodulatorie e antimicrobiche. Nel corso del progetto sono stati sviluppati e ottimizzati diversi approcci sperimentali nel modello larvale, includendo inoculo sistemico, modello di ferita da ustione e somministrazione orale. Parallelamente, è stato implementato un protocollo per l’analisi dell’espressione genica dell’immunità innata mediante RT-PCR, permettendo di monitorare la modulazione di mediatori immunitari in risposta all’esposizione batterica. L’applicazione di questi approcci ha consentito di valutare l’impatto biologico di differenti ceppi di LAB, sia di riferimento sia isolati da latte materno umano, evidenziando differenze ceppo-specifiche nella capacità di modulare la risposta immunitaria dell’ospite, esercitare attività antimicrobica e conferire protezione nei confronti di patogeni associati al tratto intestinale. Inoltre, è stata esplorata la produzione di vescicole extracellulari da parte di Limosilactobacillus fermentum (isolato da latte materno umano), suggerendo un possibile ruolo di queste strutture nelle interazioni microbo-ospite e nei meccanismi immunomodulatori. Nel complesso, i risultati indicano che G. mellonella rappresenta un sistema sperimentale utile per la caratterizzazione funzionale preliminare dei LAB, capace di fornire readout biologicamente informativi in un contesto in vivo e di supportare la selezione razionale di ceppi candidati per studi successivi in modelli vertebrati.
Galleria mellonella come modello preclinico alternativo per lo screening funzionale dei lactic acid bacteria: valutazione di attività immunomodulatorie e antimicrobiche
GUARNIERI, Antonio
2026-07-13
Abstract
The identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with probiotic potential requires experimental systems capable of assessing host-microbe interactions in an integrated biological context. However, vertebrate models traditionally used in preclinical research present ethical, economic, and logistical limitations that restrict their applicability in early screening phases. In this context, invertebrate models possessing conserved innate immune mechanisms represent a promising alternative for the preliminary functional evaluation of candidate probiotic strains. This study investigated the potential of Galleria mellonella larvae as an alternative preclinical model for the functional screening of LAB, with particular focus on their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. During the course of the project, several experimental approaches were developed and optimized in the larval model, including systemic injection, a burn wound infection model, and oral administration. In parallel, a protocol for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis of innate immune mediators was implemented, enabling the monitoring of host immune responses through RT-PCR following bacterial exposure. These approaches were applied to evaluate the biological effects of different LAB strains, including reference strains from international collections and isolates derived from human breast milk. The results revealed strain-specific differences in the ability to modulate host immune responses, exert antimicrobial activity, and confer protection against pathogens associated with intestinal infections. In addition, the production of extracellular vesicles by Limosilactobacillus fermentum (a bacterial strain isolated from human breast milk) was investigated, suggesting a potential role for these structures in host-microbe interactions and immunomodulatory processes. Overall, the findings support the use of G. mellonella as a useful in vivo experimental system for the preliminary functional characterization of LAB, providing biologically informative readouts that can facilitate the rational selection of candidate strains for subsequent studies in vertebrate models.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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