The progressive ageing of the global population is associated with a marked increase in frailty and neurodegenerative disorders, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive decline is driven by complex interactions among metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and lifestyle-related factors. Identifying early biomarkers and developing effective preventive strategiesrepresent major challenges in contemporary biomedical and clinical research. Within this framework, metabolic regulation and nutraceutical interventions have emerged as promising, non-pharmacological approaches to preserve cognitive function and delay neurodegeneration. This doctoral thesis, entitled “Metabolic and Nutraceutical Approaches to Preventing Cognitive Decline”, investigates the contribution of metabolic alterations, peripheral biomarkers, and dietary factors to cognitive ageing and neurodegenerative disease prevention, integrating clinical, biochemical, and population-based perspectives. In the first part of the thesis are introduced the biological basis of brain ageing, frailty, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking systemic metabolic dysregulation to cognitive impairment. Metabolic approaches to preventing cognitive decline are addressed, examining the role of insulin resistance, lipid and energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic comorbidities as modifiable risk factors for neurodegeneration. Nutraceutical approaches are also explored, examining evidence on bioactive compounds, dietary supplements, and functional foods with potential neuroprotective effects through the modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic function. The second part of the thesis concerns the experimental part and it is divided into three sections. Section 1 outlines sex-specific metabolic signatures associated with Alzheimer’s disease, with particular attention to circulating biomarkers involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism, in order to improve the understanding of biological differences in disease vulnerability and progression. Section 2 critically examines the role of the cereal processing industry as a determinant of population nutrition and public health through the work conducted at Al-Faisal Flour and General Mill (Pakistan). Subsequently, Section 3 presents a cross-sectional study conducted at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University (Pakistan), evaluating whole-wheat flour intake as a dietary factor potentially associated with long-term dementia prevention, thus providing insights into the role of culturally specific dietary habits in cognitive health. In conclusion, this thesis supports the relevance of integrated metabolic and nutraceutical strategies in the prevention of cognitive decline. The findings highlight the potential of peripheral biomarkers and dietary interventions for early risk stratification and personalized preventive 1 approaches, and outline future research directions aimed at translating these insights into clinical and public health practice.
L’invecchiamento progressivo della popolazione mondiale è accompagnato da un significativo incremento della fragilità e dei disturbi neurodegenerativi, tra cui il decadimento cognitivo lieve e la demenza. Il declino cognitivo deriva da un’interazione complessa tra disfunzioni metaboliche, infiammazione cronica a basso grado, stress ossidativo e fattori legati allo stile di vita. In tale contesto, l’individuazione di biomarcatori precoci e lo sviluppo di strategie preventive efficaci rappresentano sfide cruciali nella ricerca biomedica e clinica contemporanea. Parallelamente, la regolazione metabolica e gli interventi nutraceutici si sono affermati come approcci promettenti, non farmacologici, per preservare la funzione cognitiva e rallentare i processi neurodegenerativi. La presente tesi di dottorato, intitolata “Metabolic and Nutraceutical Approaches to Preventing Cognitive Decline”, analizza il ruolo delle alterazioni metaboliche, dei biomarcatori periferici e dei fattori dietetici nell’invecchiamento cognitivo e nella prevenzione delle malattie neurodegenerative, integrando prospettive cliniche, biochimiche ed epidemiologiche. La prima parte della tesi illustra le basi biologiche dell’invecchiamento cerebrale, della fragilità e delle patologie neurodegenerative, con particolare attenzione ai meccanismi fisiopatologici che collegano la disregolazione metabolica sistemica al deterioramento cognitivo. Vengono esaminati gli approcci metabolici alla prevenzione del declino cognitivo, approfondendo il ruolo della resistenza insulinica, del metabolismo lipidico ed energetico, della disfunzione mitocondriale e delle comorbidità metaboliche come fattori di rischio modificabili. Inoltre, sono analizzati gli approcci nutraceutici, valutando le evidenze relative a composti bioattivi, integratori e alimenti funzionali con potenziali effetti neuroprotettivi, mediati dalla modulazione dello stress ossidativo, della neuroinfiammazione e della funzione sinaptica. La seconda parte, di natura sperimentale, è articolata in tre sezioni. La Sezione 1 identifica firme metaboliche sesso-specifiche associate alla malattia di Alzheimer, focalizzandosi sui biomarcatori circolanti del metabolismo degli amminoacidi e dei lipidi, al fine di chiarire le differenze biologiche nella suscettibilità e nella progressione della patologia. La Sezione 2 propone un’analisi critica del ruolo dell’industria di trasformazione dei cereali come determinante della nutrizione e della salute pubblica, sulla base dell’esperienza presso Al-Faisal Flour and General Mill (Pakistan). La Sezione 3 presenta uno studio trasversale condotto presso la Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University (Pakistan), volto a valutare il consumo di farina integrale come possibile fattore protettivo a lungo termine nei confronti della demenza, evidenziando l’importanza delle abitudini alimentari culturalmente specifiche nella salute cognitiva. In conclusione, la tesi evidenzia l’importanza di strategie integrate, di tipo metabolico e nutraceutico, nella prevenzione del declino cognitivo. I risultati sottolineano il potenziale dei biomarcatori periferici e degli interventi dietetici per una stratificazione precoce del rischio e per lo sviluppo di approcci preventivi personalizzati, aprendo al contempo nuove prospettive per la traduzione di tali evidenze nella pratica clinica e nella sanità pubblica.
Metabolic and nutraceutical approaches to preventing cognitive decline
MASOOD, Fatima
2026-07-13
Abstract
The progressive ageing of the global population is associated with a marked increase in frailty and neurodegenerative disorders, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive decline is driven by complex interactions among metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and lifestyle-related factors. Identifying early biomarkers and developing effective preventive strategiesrepresent major challenges in contemporary biomedical and clinical research. Within this framework, metabolic regulation and nutraceutical interventions have emerged as promising, non-pharmacological approaches to preserve cognitive function and delay neurodegeneration. This doctoral thesis, entitled “Metabolic and Nutraceutical Approaches to Preventing Cognitive Decline”, investigates the contribution of metabolic alterations, peripheral biomarkers, and dietary factors to cognitive ageing and neurodegenerative disease prevention, integrating clinical, biochemical, and population-based perspectives. In the first part of the thesis are introduced the biological basis of brain ageing, frailty, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking systemic metabolic dysregulation to cognitive impairment. Metabolic approaches to preventing cognitive decline are addressed, examining the role of insulin resistance, lipid and energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic comorbidities as modifiable risk factors for neurodegeneration. Nutraceutical approaches are also explored, examining evidence on bioactive compounds, dietary supplements, and functional foods with potential neuroprotective effects through the modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic function. The second part of the thesis concerns the experimental part and it is divided into three sections. Section 1 outlines sex-specific metabolic signatures associated with Alzheimer’s disease, with particular attention to circulating biomarkers involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism, in order to improve the understanding of biological differences in disease vulnerability and progression. Section 2 critically examines the role of the cereal processing industry as a determinant of population nutrition and public health through the work conducted at Al-Faisal Flour and General Mill (Pakistan). Subsequently, Section 3 presents a cross-sectional study conducted at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University (Pakistan), evaluating whole-wheat flour intake as a dietary factor potentially associated with long-term dementia prevention, thus providing insights into the role of culturally specific dietary habits in cognitive health. In conclusion, this thesis supports the relevance of integrated metabolic and nutraceutical strategies in the prevention of cognitive decline. The findings highlight the potential of peripheral biomarkers and dietary interventions for early risk stratification and personalized preventive 1 approaches, and outline future research directions aimed at translating these insights into clinical and public health practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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