Fascist concentration camps from 1940 to 1943 remain relatively underexplored in historiography, especially compared to the far greater attention devoted to Nazi concentration camps. This study addresses this gap by offering a sociohistorical analysis of everyday life and the internal dynamics of these camps, with particular attention to internees’ firsthand experiences. It aims to understand Fascist camps not only as instruments of regime repression but also as social microcosms with their own dynamics, while assessing their effects on internees’ psyches and bodies. The research adopts a microhistorical and interdisciplinary approach grounded in a comparative analysis of firsthand accounts and archival documents. The sources examined include several unpublished egodocuments, among them the memoir of Fortunat Mikuletič, published in Italian in 2024 and analyzed here for the first time, and the handwritten memoir of the Croatian internee Ive Čaće, translated specifically for this research. These sources are complemented by the autobiographical works of the Slovenian writers Juš Kozak and France Bevk, as well as a series of contemporaneous drawings produced in the camp by the artist Ljubo Ravnikar. All these testimonies are critically compared with one another and corroborated by official documentation from the period, including personal files, circulars, and police reports preserved in archives. The integration of these heterogeneous sources, written and visual, public and private, enables a reconstruction of camp life from below by bringing the subjective perspectives of witnesses into dialogue with the institutional framework established by the authorities. The dissertation introduces the concept of ‘camp society’ to describe the Fascist camp as a genuine social microcosm. The enforced coexistence of internees from different backgrounds, languages, and social classes gave rise to informal roles, internal hierarchies, and new forms of collective organization. The camps examined featured key figures among the internees, including camp representatives chosen as intermediaries and better educated internees who served as teachers, makeshift nurses, or clandestine cultural organizers. At the same time, internees frequently displayed spontaneous solidarity, sharing food and resources and providing mutual assistance in cases of illness, which helped to mitigate the harshness of internment and to preserve values such as mutual aid and dignity. Nevertheless, tensions and internal conflicts were also present, fueled by political, ethnic, and national divisions, as well as by the inevitable strains produced by enforced idleness and overcrowding. Opposing factions, personal rivalries, and mutual suspicions constituted the other side of this coerced society. The study further proposes the interpretive category of the ‘invisible camp’ to underscore that even without conspicuous physical barriers or the overt violence that characterized Nazi camps, Fascist camps exercised pervasive control through bureaucracy and everyday psychological pressure. Testimonies and documents show that internees’ lives were structured by an intricate system of rules, administrative rituals, and constant surveillance, from morning and evening roll calls to the censorship of correspondence. Protracted delays in processing any request further sustained a climate of anguished waiting and submission. Another interpretive lens is the concept of internatite, a term coined by Mikuletič to denote the psychosocial distress of internees. By placing this narrative intuition in dialogue with postwar medical and psychiatric knowledge, including the notion of concentration camp syndrome, often referred to as KZ syndrome, the study shows that even during internment internees had already recognized and collectively named the traumatic effects of their condition, thereby anticipating in embryonic form analyses that would only later be formalized in clinical settings. These findings open avenues for further research. A more systematic examination of psychiatric archival fonds relating to internees could bring to light additional traces of trauma in contemporaneous clinical records. Engagement with disciplines such as psychiatry and anthropology also holds promise for exploring the psychological and cultural dimensions of internment. Furthermore, a comparative international approach, placing the Italian case alongside other contexts of civilian detention during the Second World War, would help situate the experience of Fascist camps within a broader framework. In conclusion, this research reasserts the centrality of the human dimension in Fascist internment and provides a more comprehensive account of Mussolini’s concentration camp system. It highlights not only the pervasive reach of repression but also the forms of adaptation, resistance, and cohesion developed by internees. The study also raises new questions. In particular, it notes the near total silence surrounding sexuality in the accounts examined, in which the internee’s body appears exclusively as a suffering body and never as one capable of desire. This silence, rooted in the moral taboos of the period and in the witnesses’ own reticence, is itself significant. It reveals a hidden aspect of internees’ experience within Fascist concentration camps and suggests the need for further research to explore its intimate and affective dimensions.
La realtà dei campi di concentramento fascisti (1940-1943) rimane un ambito storiografico ancora poco esplorato, soprattutto rispetto alla maggiore attenzione riservata ai Lager nazisti. Il presente studio colma in parte questa lacuna analizzando in chiave storico-sociale la vita quotidiana e le dinamiche interne di quei campi, con particolare attenzione alle esperienze dirette degli internati. Obiettivo della ricerca è comprendere il campo fascista non solo come strumento repressivo del regime, ma anche come un microcosmo sociale dotato di dinamiche proprie, valutandone al contempo gli effetti sulla psiche e sul corpo degli internati. La ricerca adotta un approccio microstorico e interdisciplinare, basato sull’analisi comparata di testimonianze dirette e di documenti d’archivio. Tra le fonti esaminate figurano diversi ego-documenti inediti, fra cui il memoriale di Fortunat Mikuletič (pubblicato in edizione italiana nel 2024 e qui analizzato per la prima volta) e le memorie manoscritte dell’internato croato Ive Čaće (tradotte appositamente per questa ricerca). A questi si affiancano le opere autobiografiche degli sloveni Juš Kozak e France Bevk, nonché una serie di disegni coevi realizzati dall’artista Ljubo Ravnikar all’interno del campo. Tali testimonianze sono state confrontate criticamente tra loro e incrociate con la documentazione ufficiale dell’epoca (fascicoli personali, circolari, rapporti di polizia) conservata negli archivi. L’integrazione di queste fonti eterogenee – scritte e visive, pubbliche e private – consente di ricostruire “dal basso” la quotidianità del campo, incrociando la prospettiva soggettiva dei testimoni con il quadro istituzionale fornito dalle autorità. La tesi introduce il concetto di “società del campo” per descrivere il campo fascista come un vero e proprio microcosmo sociale. La convivenza forzata di internati di origini, lingue e classi sociali differenti portò infatti all’emergere di ruoli informali, gerarchie interne e nuove forme di organizzazione collettiva. Nei campi studiati si riscontra la presenza di figure di riferimento tra gli internati (come i “capi-campo” scelti come intermediari, oppure i prigionieri più istruiti che svolgevano il ruolo di insegnanti, infermieri improvvisati o animatori culturali clandestini). Parallelamente, si osservano frequenti manifestazioni spontanee di solidarietà – dalla condivisione di cibo e risorse all’aiuto reciproco in caso di malattia – che contribuivano a mitigare la durezza dell’internamento e a preservare valori quali il mutuo aiuto e la dignità. Non mancavano tuttavia tensioni e conflitti interni, alimentati da divergenze politiche, etniche o nazionali e dall’inevitabile stress causato dall’ozio forzato e dal sovraffollamento: fazioni contrapposte, rivalità personali e sospetti reciproci costituivano l’altra faccia di questa società coatta. Lo studio propone inoltre la categoria interpretativa di “campo invisibile” per evidenziare come, pur in assenza di barriere fisiche evidenti o violenze eclatanti (tipiche dei lager nazisti), i campi fascisti esercitassero un controllo pervasivo attraverso la burocrazia e la pressione psicologica quotidiana. Le testimonianze e i documenti mostrano che la vita degli internati era scandita da un intricato sistema di regole, rituali amministrativi e costanti sorveglianze – dagli appelli del mattino e della sera alla censura della corrispondenza, fino alle lungaggini delle pratiche per qualsiasi richiesta – che alimentavano un clima di attesa angosciosa e sottomissione. Un’ulteriore chiave di lettura emersa è il concetto di “internatite”, termine coniato dallo stesso Mikuletič per descrivere il disagio psico-sociale degli internati. Confrontando questa intuizione narrativa con le conoscenze medico-psichiatriche sviluppate dopo la guerra (come la sindrome da campo di concentramento o “KZ-Syndrome”), lo studio evidenzia come già durante l’internamento gli internati avessero riconosciuto e persino nominato collettivamente gli effetti traumatici della loro condizione, anticipando in forma embrionale analisi poi formalizzate in ambito clinico. Ciò apre la strada a prospettive di approfondimento futuro. Un esame più sistematico dei fondi psichiatrici relativi agli internati potrebbe far emergere ulteriori tracce del trauma nei documenti clinici coevi. Un dialogo con discipline come la psichiatria e l’antropologia appare promettente per esplorare gli aspetti psicologici e culturali dell’internamento. Inoltre, un approccio comparativo internazionale – mettendo a confronto il caso italiano con altri contesti di detenzione civile durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale – consentirebbe di collocare l’esperienza dei campi fascisti in un quadro più ampio. In conclusione, la ricerca restituisce centralità alla dimensione umana dell’internamento fascista e offre un quadro più completo del sistema concentrazionario mussoliniano, mettendo in luce non solo la capillarità repressiva del regime ma anche le forme di adattamento, resistenza e coesione sviluppate dagli internati. Il lavoro solleva inoltre nuove questioni: in particolare, si segnala il quasi totale silenzio che circonda la sfera della sessualità nei racconti esaminati, in cui il corpo dell’internato appare esclusivamente come corpo sofferente e mai come corpo desiderante. Questo silenzio – frutto dei tabù morali dell’epoca e del pudore degli stessi testimoni – costituisce di per sé un dato significativo, rivelando un’area rimossa dell’esperienza concentrazionaria fascista e suggerendo la necessità di ulteriori ricerche per esplorarne la dimensione intima e affettiva.
La società del campo. Internati e vita quotidiana nei campi di concentramento fascisti (1940-1943)
LORENTINI, Giuseppe
2026-02-16
Abstract
Fascist concentration camps from 1940 to 1943 remain relatively underexplored in historiography, especially compared to the far greater attention devoted to Nazi concentration camps. This study addresses this gap by offering a sociohistorical analysis of everyday life and the internal dynamics of these camps, with particular attention to internees’ firsthand experiences. It aims to understand Fascist camps not only as instruments of regime repression but also as social microcosms with their own dynamics, while assessing their effects on internees’ psyches and bodies. The research adopts a microhistorical and interdisciplinary approach grounded in a comparative analysis of firsthand accounts and archival documents. The sources examined include several unpublished egodocuments, among them the memoir of Fortunat Mikuletič, published in Italian in 2024 and analyzed here for the first time, and the handwritten memoir of the Croatian internee Ive Čaće, translated specifically for this research. These sources are complemented by the autobiographical works of the Slovenian writers Juš Kozak and France Bevk, as well as a series of contemporaneous drawings produced in the camp by the artist Ljubo Ravnikar. All these testimonies are critically compared with one another and corroborated by official documentation from the period, including personal files, circulars, and police reports preserved in archives. The integration of these heterogeneous sources, written and visual, public and private, enables a reconstruction of camp life from below by bringing the subjective perspectives of witnesses into dialogue with the institutional framework established by the authorities. The dissertation introduces the concept of ‘camp society’ to describe the Fascist camp as a genuine social microcosm. The enforced coexistence of internees from different backgrounds, languages, and social classes gave rise to informal roles, internal hierarchies, and new forms of collective organization. The camps examined featured key figures among the internees, including camp representatives chosen as intermediaries and better educated internees who served as teachers, makeshift nurses, or clandestine cultural organizers. At the same time, internees frequently displayed spontaneous solidarity, sharing food and resources and providing mutual assistance in cases of illness, which helped to mitigate the harshness of internment and to preserve values such as mutual aid and dignity. Nevertheless, tensions and internal conflicts were also present, fueled by political, ethnic, and national divisions, as well as by the inevitable strains produced by enforced idleness and overcrowding. Opposing factions, personal rivalries, and mutual suspicions constituted the other side of this coerced society. The study further proposes the interpretive category of the ‘invisible camp’ to underscore that even without conspicuous physical barriers or the overt violence that characterized Nazi camps, Fascist camps exercised pervasive control through bureaucracy and everyday psychological pressure. Testimonies and documents show that internees’ lives were structured by an intricate system of rules, administrative rituals, and constant surveillance, from morning and evening roll calls to the censorship of correspondence. Protracted delays in processing any request further sustained a climate of anguished waiting and submission. Another interpretive lens is the concept of internatite, a term coined by Mikuletič to denote the psychosocial distress of internees. By placing this narrative intuition in dialogue with postwar medical and psychiatric knowledge, including the notion of concentration camp syndrome, often referred to as KZ syndrome, the study shows that even during internment internees had already recognized and collectively named the traumatic effects of their condition, thereby anticipating in embryonic form analyses that would only later be formalized in clinical settings. These findings open avenues for further research. A more systematic examination of psychiatric archival fonds relating to internees could bring to light additional traces of trauma in contemporaneous clinical records. Engagement with disciplines such as psychiatry and anthropology also holds promise for exploring the psychological and cultural dimensions of internment. Furthermore, a comparative international approach, placing the Italian case alongside other contexts of civilian detention during the Second World War, would help situate the experience of Fascist camps within a broader framework. In conclusion, this research reasserts the centrality of the human dimension in Fascist internment and provides a more comprehensive account of Mussolini’s concentration camp system. It highlights not only the pervasive reach of repression but also the forms of adaptation, resistance, and cohesion developed by internees. The study also raises new questions. In particular, it notes the near total silence surrounding sexuality in the accounts examined, in which the internee’s body appears exclusively as a suffering body and never as one capable of desire. This silence, rooted in the moral taboos of the period and in the witnesses’ own reticence, is itself significant. It reveals a hidden aspect of internees’ experience within Fascist concentration camps and suggests the need for further research to explore its intimate and affective dimensions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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