This thesis aimed to investigated some of the phylogeographic, taxonomic, and ecological aspects of the genus Quercus, one of the most significant genera in terms of distribution and ecological importance globally, in Italy and in Europe, Specifically, the thesis was structured around two distinct research lines. The first line concerned population genetics studies at the European and Italian levels, based on the analysis of plastid DNA using microsatellite markers of species belonging to the subgenus Quercus section Quercus, a section that maintains several critical points in terms of taxonomic classification, which remain a subject of interest and debate in the scientific community and require, unlike the Cerris section, further investigation. The second research line focused on studies regarding responses to environmental variables and health status in natural and urban environments, through the analysis of leaf traits, in Quercus cerris L., a representative species of the subgenus Cerris section Cerris. From a phylogenetic perspective, this is the first European study that investigated DNA sequence polymorphism of two plastid loci in 270 individuals representing 13 species/taxa of white oaks. Several hundred sequences of the same two DNA regions were retrieved from GenBank to fill in the gaps and contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of white oaks. The “modern” European species of subgenus Quercus sect. Quercus show poorly differentiated plastid DNA, despite its highly diversified current taxonomy The main results were that twenty-nine haplotypes were identified in the Euro-Mediterranean and Near Eastern regions, including two ancestral variants subdivided into Western and South-Eastern groups. Other high- and low-frequency haplotypes also exhibited a well-structured geographic distribution, consistent with the current phytogeographic framework of Europe. The second study, conducted in the Italian Peninsula, focused on potential haplotype structures distributed across the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, and Sardinia. The chloroplast DNA of 60 populations belonging to Q. frainetto, Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens complexes was analyzed by combining five chloroplast Simple Sequence Repeat (cpSSR) markers. A total of 28 haplotypes were detected. Central and southern Italy displayed the highest variability (14 and 10 haplotypes, respectively), followed by northern Italy (7), Sardinia (7), and Sicily (5). A complex geographical structure of haplotype distribution emerged, highlighting: (i) a high number of low-frequency haplotypes; (ii) the marked isolation of Sardinia; (iii) the occurrence of haplotypes widely distributed throughout the Italian Peninsula; (iv) the idiosyncrasy of Sicily, which exhibits exclusive haplotypes, as well as haplotypes shared with Sardinia and the rest of the Italian Peninsula. The haplotype distribution was also found to be partially related to the taxonomic identity of the specimens, with the following features emerging: a geographic separation between Q. frainetto populations from central and southern Italy, an unexpected discontinuity between the Calabrian and Sicilian Q. petraea subsp. austrotyrrhenica populations, and the absence of the most common haplotype among the Q. pubescens populations of central and southern Italy. The second research line focused on Q. cerris and its ecological importance in the Italian Peninsula, where it has been selected as a target species for urban reforestation under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). This research line was structured into two different studies aimed at gaining new knowledge on the ecophysiology of Q. cerris. The first study focused on Q. cerris seedlings from three forest communities under different management practices, applying various Plant Functional Traits (PFTs) to assess the health status of the seedlings. The results showed that seedlings from different sampling sites exhibited similar values for all phenotypic parameters. Statistically significant differences, however, were observed in the PFTs. These findings suggested that the different adaptation strategies implemented by the seedlings are linked to the physical environment of the sampling sites and to the different forest structures and woodland management. The forest stand that exhibited better growth conditions for seedlings, as evidenced by higher values of Specific Leaf Area, Chlorophyll content, and lower values of Leaf Dry Matter Content and Leaf Thickness, was the Adult High Forest (90 year) in a substrate of varicoloured clay (0% slope) to which in 2006-2007 high thinning (grade: heavy) silvicultural treatment was applied. These results were interpreted as a greater investment in carbon production for rapid development and renewal of the seedling, rather than in carbon storage for ensuring leaf longevity. The second study on Q. cerris was conducted on mature individuals from three forest stands with varying degrees of naturalness, in terms of green fragmentation and green cover, and called Urban forest (UF), Peri-Urban forest (PUF), and Natural forest (NF). The results demonstrated that Q. cerris experiences significant water stress in urban forests due to the combined effects of drought and high temperatures. To identify strategies for mitigating this stress, differences in leaf traits such as specific leaf area, thickness, and contents of chlorophyll, anthocyanins, and flavonols in urban and natural forests were analysed. Our findings highlight the high adaptability of Q. cerris to diverse climatic and environmental conditions providing a practical method for rapidly assessing tree species' responses to climate change. These studies are part of a broader and interdisciplinary line of research, dedicated to shedding light on the morphological, ecological and biomolecular characteristics of the Quercus genus in Europe, with a particular focus in Italy, carried out by the Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Floristics of the University of Molise. In summary, this thesis provided new insights into the phylogeny and biogeography of white oaks at both the Italian and European levels and shed light on the ecology and physiology of Q. cerris, laying the groundwork for future studies on this species and other species and communities of interest. It also offers valuable information for reforestation efforts at the national level.
Questa tesi ha avuto lo scopo di indagare alcuni degli aspetti filogeografici, tassonomici ed ecologici del genere Quercus, uno dei generi più significativi in termini di distribuzione e importanza ecologica a livello globale, in Italia e in Europa. In particolare, la tesi è stata strutturata in due distinte linee di ricerca. La prima linea ha riguardato gli studi di genetica di popolazione a livello europeo e italiano, basati sull'analisi del DNA plastidiale mediante marcatori microsatelliti di specie appartenenti al sottogenere Quercus sezione Quercus, sezione che mantiene diversi punti critici in termini di classificazione tassonomica, che rimangono oggetto di interesse e dibattito nella comunità scientifica e richiedono, a differenza della sezione Cerris, ulteriori indagini. La seconda linea di ricerca si è concentrata sugli studi riguardanti le risposte alle variabili ambientali e allo stato di salute in ambienti naturali e urbani, attraverso l'analisi dei caratteri fogliari, in Quercus cerris L., specie rappresentativa del sottogenere Cerris sezione Cerris. Da un punto di vista filogenetico, questo è il primo studio europeo che ha studiato il polimorfismo della sequenza del DNA di due loci plastidi in 270 individui che rappresentano 13 specie/taxa di querce bianche. Diverse centinaia di sequenze delle stesse due regioni del DNA sono state recuperate da GenBank per colmare le lacune e contribuire a una migliore comprensione della diversità e dell'evoluzione delle querce bianche. Le specie europee "moderne" del subgenere Quercus sezione Quercus mostrano un DNA plastidiale scarsamente differenziato, nonostante la sua attuale tassonomia sia altamente diversificata. Tra i risultati principali, sono stati identificati ventinove aplotipi nelle regioni euro-mediterranee e del vicino Oriente, comprese due varianti ancestrali suddivise in gruppi occidentali e sud-orientali. Anche altri aplotipi ad alta e bassa frequenza hanno mostrato una distribuzione geografica ben strutturata, coerente con l'attuale quadro fitogeografico dell'Europa. Il secondo studio, condotto nella penisola italiana, si è concentrato su potenziali strutture aplotipiche distribuite nella penisola italiana, in Sicilia e in Sardegna. Il DNA dei cloroplasti di 60 popolazioni appartenenti ai complessi di Q. frainetto, Q. robur, Q. petraea e Q. pubescens è stato analizzato combinando cinque marcatori di ripetizione di sequenza semplice (cpSSR) di cloroplasti. Sono stati rilevati un totale di 28 aplotipi. L'Italia centrale e meridionale ha mostrato la più alta variabilità (14 e 10 aplotipi, rispettivamente), seguita dall'Italia settentrionale (7), dalla Sardegna (7) e dalla Sicilia (5). È emersa una complessa struttura geografica della distribuzione degli aplotipi, evidenziando: (i) un elevato numero di aplotipi a bassa frequenza; (ii) il marcato isolamento della Sardegna; (iii) la presenza di aplotipi ampiamente distribuiti in tutta la Penisola italiana; (iv) l'idiosincrasia della Sicilia, che presenta aplotipi esclusivi, così come aplotipi condivisi con la Sardegna e il resto della penisola italiana La distribuzione degli aplotipi è risultata anche parzialmente correlata all'identità tassonomica degli esemplari, con l'emergere delle seguenti caratteristiche: una separazione geografica tra le popolazioni di Q. frainetto dell'Italia centrale e meridionale, un'inaspettata discontinuità tra la Q. petraea subsp. popolazioni austrotirniche, e l'assenza dell'aplotipo più comune tra le popolazioni di Q. pubescens dell'Italia centrale e meridionale. La seconda linea di ricerca si è concentrata su Q. cerris e la sua importanza ecologica e adattabilità alle condizioni ambientali nella Penisola italiana, per le quali è stata scelta come una delle specie target per la riforestazione urbana nell'ambito del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR). Questa linea di ricerca è stata strutturata in due diversi studi volti ad acquisire nuove conoscenze sull'ecofisiologia di Q. cerris. Il primo studio si è concentrato su piantine di Q. cerris provenienti da tre comunità forestali con diverse pratiche di gestione, applicando vari tratti funzionali delle piante (PFT) per valutarne lo stato di salute. I risultati hanno mostrato che le piantine provenienti da diversi siti di campionamento mostravano valori simili per tutti i parametri fenotipici. Differenze statisticamente significative, tuttavia, sono state osservate nei PFT. Questi risultati hanno suggerito che le diverse strategie di adattamento messe in atto dalle piantine sono legate all'ambiente fisico dei siti di campionamento e alle diverse strutture forestali e alla gestione dei boschi. Il popolamento forestale che ha mostrato migliori condizioni di crescita per le piantine, come evidenziato da valori più elevati di area fogliare specifica, contenuto di clorofilla e valori più bassi di contenuto di sostanza secca fogliare e spessore fogliare, era la foresta adulta (90 anni) in un substrato di argilla varicolori (pendenza 0%) a cui nel 2006-2007 è stato applicato un trattamento selvicolturale ad alto diradamento (grado: pesante). Questi risultati sono stati interpretati come un maggiore investimento nella produzione di carbonio per un rapido sviluppo e rinnovamento della piantina, piuttosto che nello stoccaggio del carbonio per garantire la longevità delle foglie. Il secondo studio su Q. cerris è stato condotto su individui maturi provenienti da tre popolamenti forestali con vari gradi di naturalità, in termini di frammentazione del verde e copertura verde, e chiamati Foresta urbana (UF), Foresta periurbana (PUF) e Foresta naturale (NF). I risultati hanno dimostrato che Q. cerris subisce un significativo stress idrico nelle foreste urbane a causa degli effetti combinati della siccità e delle alte temperature. Per identificare le strategie adottate dalla specie per contrastare questo stress, sono state analizzate le differenze nei tratti fogliari come l'area fogliare specifica, lo spessore e il contenuto di clorofilla, antociani e flavonoli nelle foreste urbane e naturali. I nostri risultati evidenziano l'elevata adattabilità di Q. cerris a diverse condizioni climatiche e ambientali, fornendo un metodo pratico per valutare rapidamente le risposte delle specie arboree ai condizioni ambientali. Questi studi fanno parte di una linea di ricerca più ampia e interdisciplinare, dedicata a far luce sulle caratteristiche morfologiche, ecologiche e biomolecolari del genere Quercus in Europa, con particolare focus in Italia, svolta dal Laboratorio di Botanica Sistematica e Floristica dell'Università del Molise. In sintesi, questa tesi ha fornito nuove intuizioni sulla filogenesi e la biogeografia delle querce bianche sia a livello italiano che europeo e ha fatto luce sull'ecologia e la fisiologia di Q. cerris, gettando le basi per futuri studi su questa specie e altre specie e comunità di interesse. Offre inoltre informazioni preziose per gli sforzi di riforestazione a livello nazionale.
Molecular, phylogenetic and functional analysis of species of the genus Quercus (subgenus Quercus and subgenus Cerris)
QUARANTA, Luca
2025-06-09
Abstract
This thesis aimed to investigated some of the phylogeographic, taxonomic, and ecological aspects of the genus Quercus, one of the most significant genera in terms of distribution and ecological importance globally, in Italy and in Europe, Specifically, the thesis was structured around two distinct research lines. The first line concerned population genetics studies at the European and Italian levels, based on the analysis of plastid DNA using microsatellite markers of species belonging to the subgenus Quercus section Quercus, a section that maintains several critical points in terms of taxonomic classification, which remain a subject of interest and debate in the scientific community and require, unlike the Cerris section, further investigation. The second research line focused on studies regarding responses to environmental variables and health status in natural and urban environments, through the analysis of leaf traits, in Quercus cerris L., a representative species of the subgenus Cerris section Cerris. From a phylogenetic perspective, this is the first European study that investigated DNA sequence polymorphism of two plastid loci in 270 individuals representing 13 species/taxa of white oaks. Several hundred sequences of the same two DNA regions were retrieved from GenBank to fill in the gaps and contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of white oaks. The “modern” European species of subgenus Quercus sect. Quercus show poorly differentiated plastid DNA, despite its highly diversified current taxonomy The main results were that twenty-nine haplotypes were identified in the Euro-Mediterranean and Near Eastern regions, including two ancestral variants subdivided into Western and South-Eastern groups. Other high- and low-frequency haplotypes also exhibited a well-structured geographic distribution, consistent with the current phytogeographic framework of Europe. The second study, conducted in the Italian Peninsula, focused on potential haplotype structures distributed across the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, and Sardinia. The chloroplast DNA of 60 populations belonging to Q. frainetto, Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens complexes was analyzed by combining five chloroplast Simple Sequence Repeat (cpSSR) markers. A total of 28 haplotypes were detected. Central and southern Italy displayed the highest variability (14 and 10 haplotypes, respectively), followed by northern Italy (7), Sardinia (7), and Sicily (5). A complex geographical structure of haplotype distribution emerged, highlighting: (i) a high number of low-frequency haplotypes; (ii) the marked isolation of Sardinia; (iii) the occurrence of haplotypes widely distributed throughout the Italian Peninsula; (iv) the idiosyncrasy of Sicily, which exhibits exclusive haplotypes, as well as haplotypes shared with Sardinia and the rest of the Italian Peninsula. The haplotype distribution was also found to be partially related to the taxonomic identity of the specimens, with the following features emerging: a geographic separation between Q. frainetto populations from central and southern Italy, an unexpected discontinuity between the Calabrian and Sicilian Q. petraea subsp. austrotyrrhenica populations, and the absence of the most common haplotype among the Q. pubescens populations of central and southern Italy. The second research line focused on Q. cerris and its ecological importance in the Italian Peninsula, where it has been selected as a target species for urban reforestation under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). This research line was structured into two different studies aimed at gaining new knowledge on the ecophysiology of Q. cerris. The first study focused on Q. cerris seedlings from three forest communities under different management practices, applying various Plant Functional Traits (PFTs) to assess the health status of the seedlings. The results showed that seedlings from different sampling sites exhibited similar values for all phenotypic parameters. Statistically significant differences, however, were observed in the PFTs. These findings suggested that the different adaptation strategies implemented by the seedlings are linked to the physical environment of the sampling sites and to the different forest structures and woodland management. The forest stand that exhibited better growth conditions for seedlings, as evidenced by higher values of Specific Leaf Area, Chlorophyll content, and lower values of Leaf Dry Matter Content and Leaf Thickness, was the Adult High Forest (90 year) in a substrate of varicoloured clay (0% slope) to which in 2006-2007 high thinning (grade: heavy) silvicultural treatment was applied. These results were interpreted as a greater investment in carbon production for rapid development and renewal of the seedling, rather than in carbon storage for ensuring leaf longevity. The second study on Q. cerris was conducted on mature individuals from three forest stands with varying degrees of naturalness, in terms of green fragmentation and green cover, and called Urban forest (UF), Peri-Urban forest (PUF), and Natural forest (NF). The results demonstrated that Q. cerris experiences significant water stress in urban forests due to the combined effects of drought and high temperatures. To identify strategies for mitigating this stress, differences in leaf traits such as specific leaf area, thickness, and contents of chlorophyll, anthocyanins, and flavonols in urban and natural forests were analysed. Our findings highlight the high adaptability of Q. cerris to diverse climatic and environmental conditions providing a practical method for rapidly assessing tree species' responses to climate change. These studies are part of a broader and interdisciplinary line of research, dedicated to shedding light on the morphological, ecological and biomolecular characteristics of the Quercus genus in Europe, with a particular focus in Italy, carried out by the Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Floristics of the University of Molise. In summary, this thesis provided new insights into the phylogeny and biogeography of white oaks at both the Italian and European levels and shed light on the ecology and physiology of Q. cerris, laying the groundwork for future studies on this species and other species and communities of interest. It also offers valuable information for reforestation efforts at the national level.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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