Since the onset of the Neolithic Revolution, the domestication process has exerted a profound impact on human society, promoting extensive changes, including long range migrations. Human dispersal played a key role in shaping the genetic composition of domesticated species, resulting in complex phylogeographic patterns. During the domestication process, the gene pool trapped in the initial bottleneck underwent a complex evolutionary process, influenced by artificial selection, environmental adaptation, mutation, and genetic drift. These forces contributed to increased phenotypic differences among populations, ultimately leading to the current patterns of animal genetic resource diversity. As domesticated species adapted to human-controlled environments, selective breeding further refined desirable traits, shaping genetic composition at multiple levels. This process not only affected neutral genetic variation but also drove significant changes in functional genomic regions, influencing traits related to productivity, resilience, and local adaptation. This thesis investigates how evolutionary forces—such as human-mediated migration, artificial selection, and adaptation to environmental stresses—have shaped the genetic makeup of livestock over different temporal and spatial scales. In the second chapter a comparative genomics approach is employed to analyze genome-wide SNP data from goats, sheep, cattle, and humans to uncover overlapping patterns of genetic diversity that are indicative of common migratory routes and adaptations to particular regions. Notably, genomic affinities observed between humans and livestock in the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas are indicative of co-migratory processes during the post-domestication expansions. In the third chapter, a genomic analysis of the Quadricorna sheep breed, at risk of extinction, records its genetic characteristics and ancestral traits, confirming its historical presence in the Italian peninsula and establishing the need for immediate conservation initiatives. A genomic analysis of the indigenous goat breeds of Lazio, as outlined in chapter four, reveals a general heterogeneity in the levels of inbreeding and population dynamics within local breeds, likely due to reproductive isolation. The analysis also identifies the gene pools most indicative of the breeds' identity, thereby establishing priorities for the conservation of local populations. In the preceding chapter, a landscape genomics study of Merino sheep in Europe identifies significant genotype-Environment correlations. The analysis highlights certain genes implicated in thermoregulation, immunity and morphological traits as candidates for adaptive processes under the influence of climate-related selective pressures. In conclusion, the thesis presents an in-depth examination of livestock genetic diversity as a dynamic outcome of domestication, human migration, and environmental impacts. It is thought that this kind of understanding could have important implications for the conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources in a changing global landscape.
Sin dall'inizio della Rivoluzione Neolitica, il processo di domesticazione ha esercitato un impatto significativo sulla società umana, promuovendo ampi cambiamenti, tra cui le migrazioni a lungo raggio. La dispersione umana ha svolto un ruolo cruciale nel modellare la composizione genetica delle specie domesticate, dando luogo a complessi schemi filogeografici. Nel corso del processo di domesticazione, il pool genetico intrappolato nella fase iniziale di selezione ha subito un processo evolutivo complesso, influenzato da fattori quali selezione artificiale, adattamento ambientale, mutazioni e deriva genetica. Queste forze hanno contribuito a incrementare le differenze fenotipiche tra le popolazioni, portando infine agli attuali modelli di diversità delle risorse genetiche animali. Con il graduale adattamento delle specie domestiche agli ambienti controllati dall'uomo, la selezione artificiale ha raffinato ulteriormente i tratti desiderabili, plasmandolo la composizione genetica delle popolazioni animali. Questo processo non solo ha influenzato la variazione genetica neutra, ma ha anche guidato cambiamenti significativi nelle regioni genomiche funzionali, influenzando tratti legati alla produttività, alla resilienza e all'adattamento locale. Questa tesi ha lo scopo di analizzare come le forze evolutive — quali le migrazioni mediate dall’uomo, la selezione artificiale e l'adattamento agli stress ambientali — abbiano contribuito a plasmare la composizione genetica del bestiame su diverse scale temporali e spaziali. Nel secondo capitolo viene impiegato un approccio di genomica comparativa per analizzare i dati di SNP di capre, pecore, bovini e umani al fine di scoprire schemi sovrapposti di diversità genetica che sono indicativi di rotte migratorie comuni e adattamenti a particolari regioni. In particolare, le affinità genetiche osservate tra umani e bestiame nelle penisole balcanica e italiana sono indicative di processi di co-migrazione durante le espansioni post-domesticazione. Il terzo capitolo, conducendo un'analisi genomica della razza ovina Quadricorna, a rischio di estinzione, registra le sue caratteristiche genetiche e i tratti ancestrali, confermando la sua presenza storica nella penisola italiana e stabilendo la necessità di iniziative di conservazione immediate. Allo stesso tempo, un'analisi genomica delle razze caprine autoctone del Lazio trova, nel capitolo quattro, una generale eterogeneità nei livelli di inbreeding e nelle dinamiche di popolazione nelle razze locali, verosimilmente dovuto all’isolamento riproduttivo. L’analisi identifica inoltre i pool genetici più indicativi dell'identità delle razze, stabilendo le priorità per la conservazione delle popolazioni locali. Infine, uno studio di landscape genomics delle pecore Merino in Europa identifica robuste correlazioni genotipo-ambiente. L’analisi evidenzia alcuni geni implicati nella termoregolazione, nell'immunità e nei tratti morfologici come candidati di processi adattativi sotto l'influenza delle pressioni selettive legate al clima. In conclusione, la tesi presenta un'analisi approfondita della diversità genetica del bestiame come risultato dinamico della domesticazione, della migrazione umana e degli impatti ambientali. Si pensa che questo tipo di conoscenza potrebbe avere importanti implicazioni per la conservazione e l'uso sostenibile delle risorse genetiche animali in un contesto globale in cambiamento.
From domestication to modern livestock genetic resources: integrative genome-wide approaches to investigate environmental adaptability and preserve local breeds
DI CIVITA, MARIKA
2025-05-26
Abstract
Since the onset of the Neolithic Revolution, the domestication process has exerted a profound impact on human society, promoting extensive changes, including long range migrations. Human dispersal played a key role in shaping the genetic composition of domesticated species, resulting in complex phylogeographic patterns. During the domestication process, the gene pool trapped in the initial bottleneck underwent a complex evolutionary process, influenced by artificial selection, environmental adaptation, mutation, and genetic drift. These forces contributed to increased phenotypic differences among populations, ultimately leading to the current patterns of animal genetic resource diversity. As domesticated species adapted to human-controlled environments, selective breeding further refined desirable traits, shaping genetic composition at multiple levels. This process not only affected neutral genetic variation but also drove significant changes in functional genomic regions, influencing traits related to productivity, resilience, and local adaptation. This thesis investigates how evolutionary forces—such as human-mediated migration, artificial selection, and adaptation to environmental stresses—have shaped the genetic makeup of livestock over different temporal and spatial scales. In the second chapter a comparative genomics approach is employed to analyze genome-wide SNP data from goats, sheep, cattle, and humans to uncover overlapping patterns of genetic diversity that are indicative of common migratory routes and adaptations to particular regions. Notably, genomic affinities observed between humans and livestock in the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas are indicative of co-migratory processes during the post-domestication expansions. In the third chapter, a genomic analysis of the Quadricorna sheep breed, at risk of extinction, records its genetic characteristics and ancestral traits, confirming its historical presence in the Italian peninsula and establishing the need for immediate conservation initiatives. A genomic analysis of the indigenous goat breeds of Lazio, as outlined in chapter four, reveals a general heterogeneity in the levels of inbreeding and population dynamics within local breeds, likely due to reproductive isolation. The analysis also identifies the gene pools most indicative of the breeds' identity, thereby establishing priorities for the conservation of local populations. In the preceding chapter, a landscape genomics study of Merino sheep in Europe identifies significant genotype-Environment correlations. The analysis highlights certain genes implicated in thermoregulation, immunity and morphological traits as candidates for adaptive processes under the influence of climate-related selective pressures. In conclusion, the thesis presents an in-depth examination of livestock genetic diversity as a dynamic outcome of domestication, human migration, and environmental impacts. It is thought that this kind of understanding could have important implications for the conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources in a changing global landscape.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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