Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are one of the most important drivers of global ecological change and cause biodiversity decline, ecosystem degradation, economic damage and public health care problems worldwide. The IAS establishment and spread depend on a combination of mechanisms related to the species ecology and the assembly of environmental factors, but are strongly connected also with the presence of human pressures. Nowadays, IAS strongly affect several natural ecosystems, most of them of high conservation concern and designed as habitats of Community Interest according to the Annex I of Council Directive 92/43/EEC and Invasive Alien Plants (IAP) represent the major group of exotic species reported for Europe. IAP are considered one of the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Coastal areas, in particular sandy dune, are among the most invaded habitats of Community Interest and their plant communities are recognized as seriously threatened. Coastal dunes are subjected to intense abiotic and biotic gradients, since they occupy a complex transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems; as a result, the resident plant communities are arranged in a zonation of habitats with a natural discontinuous distribution that make sandy dunes particularly vulnerable to the loss of native plant species and biodiversity. The habitat heterogeneity together the severe anthropic pressure enhances the risk of alien plant invasion in coastal dune ecosystems. The current research tries to identify and quantify the ecological impact of herbaceous and woody IAP in coastal dune habitats of Community Interest, suggesting vegetation monitoring methodologies and recommend appropriate management interventions in order to conserve the typical plant communities and the native biodiversity. The research has been conducted in the Sites of Natura 2000 Network along the Adriatic coast of Italy, comparing invaded portions of dune plant communities by alien taxa with un-invaded ones and using the ecological guilds and the growth forms as proxy variables for investigating possible changes in vegetation composition and structure. From results emerge that IAP lead to rarefaction of native plant species and ruderalization of the local flora and promote the spread of other alien taxa, producing drastic change in the vegetation structure and remarkable process of biotic homogenization in Adriatic coastal dune habitats. These variations in community composition and structure not only depend on IAP per se, but on concomitant processes (e.g. climate change, land-use change, and human disturbance) that affect coastal dune plant communities and promote the invasion processes. Moreover, the study, using the re-visitation approach based on historical plots, allowed to monitor the vegetation dynamics after a wetland restoration carried out in the study area. In conclusion, the current research of Doctorate recommends to continue the ecological observing in the Sites of the Nature 2000 Network already investigated and expand monitoring in less studied areas of the Adriatic coast, so as to obtain a wider multi-temporal vegetation dataset in time and space. Most complete vegetation data will correctly address management strategies and conservation actions in order to mitigate the negative impacts of IAP and anthropic pressures and preserve the native biodiversity and ecosystem services of costal dunes.
Le specie aliene invasive costituiscono una delle cause più importanti del cambiamento ecologico globale e provocano perdita di biodiversità, degrado degli ecosistemi, danni economici e problemi di salute pubblica in tutto il mondo. L'insediamento e la diffusione delle specie aliene invasive dipendono da una combinazione di meccanismi legati all'ecologia delle specie e all'insieme dei fattori ambientali, ma sono fortemente connessi anche con la presenza di pressioni antropiche. Al giorno d'oggi, le specie aliene invasive influenzano fortemente diversi ecosistemi naturali, la maggior parte dei quali ad alto valore conservazionistico e designati come habitat di Interesse Comunitario secondo l'Allegato I della Direttiva del Consiglio 92/43/CEE e le piante aliene invasive rappresentano il gruppo principale di specie esotiche segnalato per l'Europa. Le piante aliene invasive sono considerate una delle principali cause della perdita di biodiversità globale. Le zone costiere, in particolare le dune sabbiose, sono tra gli habitat di Interesse Comunitario più invasi e le loro comunità vegetali sono riconosciute come gravemente minacciate. Le dune costiere sono soggette ad intensi gradienti abiotici e biotici, in quanto occupano una complessa zona di transizione tra ecosistemi terrestri e marini; di conseguenza le comunità vegetali ivi residenti sono disposte in una zonazione di habitat con distribuzione naturale discontinua che rendono le dune sabbiose particolarmente vulnerabili alla perdita di specie vegetali autoctone e di biodiversità. L'eterogeneità degli habitat unita alle forti pressioni antropiche potenzia il rischio di invasione di piante alloctone negli ecosistemi dunali costieri. La presente ricerca tenta di identificare e quantificare l'impatto ecologico delle specie vegetali aliene invasive erbacee e legnose negli habitat dunali costieri di Interesse Comunitario, suggerendo metodologie di monitoraggio della vegetazione e raccomandando opportuni interventi gestionali al fine di conservare le tipiche comunità vegetali e la biodiversità autoctona. La ricerca è stata condotta nei Siti della Rete Natura 2000 lungo la costa adriatica italiana, confrontando porzioni di comunità vegetali dunali invase da taxa alieni con quelle non invase e utilizzando le “ecological guilds” e le forme di crescita come variabili proxy per indagare i possibili cambiamenti nella composizione e nella struttura della vegetazione. Dai risultati emerge che le piante aliene invasive conducono alla rarefazione delle specie vegetali autoctone e alla ruderalizzazione della flora locale e promuovono la diffusione di altri taxa alloctoni, producendo drastici cambiamenti nella struttura della vegetazione e un notevole processo di omogeneizzazione biotica negli habitat delle dune costiere adriatiche. Queste variazioni nella composizione e nella struttura della comunità non dipendono solo dalle piante aliene invasive di per sé, ma da processi concomitanti (ad esempio il cambiamento climatico, il cambiamento dell'uso del suolo e il disturbo antropico) che influenzano le comunità vegetali delle dune costiere e promuovono i processi di invasione. Inoltre, lo studio, utilizzando l'approccio della “revisitation” basato sul rilevamento di “plot storici”, ha permesso di monitorare le dinamiche della vegetazione a seguito di un intervento di rinaturalizzazione di una zona umida effettuato nell'area di studio. In conclusione, l'attuale ricerca di Dottorato raccomanda di continuare il monitoraggio ecologico nei Siti della Rete Natura 2000 già indagati e di estenderlo alle aree meno studiate della costa adriatica, in modo da ottenere un più ampio database vegetazionale multi temporale. Dati più completi sulla vegetazione indirizzeranno correttamente le strategie di gestione e le azioni di conservazione al fine di mitigare gli impatti negativi delle piante aliene invasive e delle pressioni antropiche e di preservare la biodiversità nativa e i servizi ecosistemici delle dune costiere.
Analyzing the ecological impact of invasive alien plants on the Adriatic coastal vegetation (Italy)
TOZZI, Francesco Pio
2023-04-26
Abstract
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are one of the most important drivers of global ecological change and cause biodiversity decline, ecosystem degradation, economic damage and public health care problems worldwide. The IAS establishment and spread depend on a combination of mechanisms related to the species ecology and the assembly of environmental factors, but are strongly connected also with the presence of human pressures. Nowadays, IAS strongly affect several natural ecosystems, most of them of high conservation concern and designed as habitats of Community Interest according to the Annex I of Council Directive 92/43/EEC and Invasive Alien Plants (IAP) represent the major group of exotic species reported for Europe. IAP are considered one of the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Coastal areas, in particular sandy dune, are among the most invaded habitats of Community Interest and their plant communities are recognized as seriously threatened. Coastal dunes are subjected to intense abiotic and biotic gradients, since they occupy a complex transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems; as a result, the resident plant communities are arranged in a zonation of habitats with a natural discontinuous distribution that make sandy dunes particularly vulnerable to the loss of native plant species and biodiversity. The habitat heterogeneity together the severe anthropic pressure enhances the risk of alien plant invasion in coastal dune ecosystems. The current research tries to identify and quantify the ecological impact of herbaceous and woody IAP in coastal dune habitats of Community Interest, suggesting vegetation monitoring methodologies and recommend appropriate management interventions in order to conserve the typical plant communities and the native biodiversity. The research has been conducted in the Sites of Natura 2000 Network along the Adriatic coast of Italy, comparing invaded portions of dune plant communities by alien taxa with un-invaded ones and using the ecological guilds and the growth forms as proxy variables for investigating possible changes in vegetation composition and structure. From results emerge that IAP lead to rarefaction of native plant species and ruderalization of the local flora and promote the spread of other alien taxa, producing drastic change in the vegetation structure and remarkable process of biotic homogenization in Adriatic coastal dune habitats. These variations in community composition and structure not only depend on IAP per se, but on concomitant processes (e.g. climate change, land-use change, and human disturbance) that affect coastal dune plant communities and promote the invasion processes. Moreover, the study, using the re-visitation approach based on historical plots, allowed to monitor the vegetation dynamics after a wetland restoration carried out in the study area. In conclusion, the current research of Doctorate recommends to continue the ecological observing in the Sites of the Nature 2000 Network already investigated and expand monitoring in less studied areas of the Adriatic coast, so as to obtain a wider multi-temporal vegetation dataset in time and space. Most complete vegetation data will correctly address management strategies and conservation actions in order to mitigate the negative impacts of IAP and anthropic pressures and preserve the native biodiversity and ecosystem services of costal dunes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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