The unification process, which concluded March 17th 1861with the proclamation of the Regno d’Italia, within the Meridional Provinces still presented various and severe critical issues that exposed the historic fractures that had always plagued that territory. Problems such as the extreme agricultural backwardness; minimal industrial progress; a precarious road system of the internal areas, the nonexistent private entrepreneurship and the weak balance with foreign commerce, the embedded corruptionwithin the public administration, the unresolved issue with state-owned properties, and worse of it all the endemic brigandage problem which, with annexation of the new State, presented themselves with all of their dramatic reality. Disseminated along major parts of the meridional territory, the post-unification brigandage, even keeping their typical rural society matrix, has been the vehicle to “militarily” represent the reasons of the anti-unification reactions and dissensus. It quickly transformed, however, in a phenomenon of particularly criminal and delinquent characteristics, as it perhaps was in their members true nature. The endeavor that the military force sent for repressing the brigandage ended up being anything but simple. The regular troops found themselves fighting against a mobile and agile guerilla, that made use of their knowledge and hostility of the mainly mountainous meridional territory, the connivance of traditional Bourbonic noble families and the dense network, composed of friends and family, that ensured supplies and information. These conditions, which usually took the insufficient military forces by surprise, called for supervision and protection of urban settlers and rural areas. A counter-guerrilla which could, however, adapt and shape itself in time to the operational needs required by the composition of the terrain, the tactics used by the brigands and which, alongside the promulgation of the exceptional 1863 law, shifted the balance of this asymmetric war in favor of the state. Due to these reasons, the post-unification brigandagehas cyclically awakened particular attention from accredited scholars and usually even from regular local history scholars.It could be said that it has passed from an excess to another because, until the middle of the last century, it was considered a secondary topic.An issue that, in recent years, has been raising debates and controversies instead. In fact, while the most recent and accredited historiographical approach has recognized the phenomenon in its political and social value, we cannot fail to point out that this reconsideration is used for a partial and partisan - even imprecise - historiographical approach which too often tends to hide thetruth or underlines only the most favorable part.Hence, the need to remember those events, through the testimonies of a huge amount of documentation, today becomes the most effective investigative tool, in order to leave no room for simplifications and interpretative upheavals on the side of a historical revisionism that distorts truth and memory. It is in this historiographical climate of renewed interest in the phenomenon of post-unification brigandage that the idea of developing this research work was born, which intends to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge of the brigandage phenomenon that involved the Southern Provinces, in particular that of the Molise region,in the period from 1861 to 1870, by examining those first-hand sources which allow the study to be provided with a quantity of rigorously objective data on which to base a careful critical investigation.In short, it is a question of preliminarily analyzing the historical-political and socio-economic contexts of those physical realities in which the phenomenon represented its most virulent forms, thus contributing, albeit limited to the reality of theMolise region, to have a broader and more complete picture of therooted and persistent presence of the phenomenon of brigandage. The study was based on various archival sources, among which, in addition to those obtained from the provincial State Archives (Campobasso, Caserta, Foggia, Isernia, Napoli), those which stand out the most are the ones contained in the Fondo Brigantaggio (G-11),kept in the Historical Archive of the Army General Staff, which collects a documentary heritage of over 250,000 papers, divided into 143 envelopes. Through a more direct understanding of the fundamental role that the Army played in the fight against brigandage, it is possible, today, to undertake a new interpretation to shed greater clarity on the evolution of the phenomenon.In fact, the G-11 Fund, thanks to new documentary elements, provides a significant contribution to the understanding of the political, social and economic conditions of the Meridional Provinces at the time of unification, thus contributing to developing a certainly more critical vision of the “Meridional problematic”. In relation to the “Molisano” dossier, approximately 80 envelopes containing all the military documentation produced by the Departmental, Divisional, Territorial, General Commands, by the Zones and Sub-Zones, by the Compartments, Detachments, Regiments, Battalions, Companies, Drappelli, Colonne mobili, which have followed one another in the Molise districts over the yearswere consulted and examined in depth.A vast documentary representation, made up of Circulars, Dispatches, Reports, Messages, Communications, Minutes, Organic Tables, Troop Movement Diaries and more, which will certainly be able to provide the most complete picture possible of what the extremely complicated contribution represented of military strength in the difficult fight against post-unification brigandage. The methodological choice followed in this study was based on the analysis of the autograph documentation produced between 1861 and 1870, which provides us with a series of first-hand data that cannot give any opportunity to misunderstandings and distortions on attitudes and dynamics developed over the years between the military forces, brigands, the political authorities and local populations. A framework that offers a unique possibility of being able to observe, as a whole, a series of indicators such as the conditions, the dislocations and the military operations carried out by the troops; the names of the members and the places of the raids of the brigandish gangs; the communicative and collaborative models between the military and the civilian population, as well as the attitude and reactions of the latter both towards the new state and the bandit groups; knowledge of ancient toponymy and of the ancient communication routes of the time, and much more. In recent years, many have wanted to see in the phenomenon a purely political motivating purpose. There was no doubt that there was a Bourbon political organization conniving and profiting from the war waged by the brigands, butthere is no trace in the analysis of the documentation regarding the fact that the brigands themselves could directly have a political purpose. The information obtained, relating to the phenomenon that is properly native to the provincial territory, in fact, demonstrates how the local gangs, formed exclusively by individuals belonging to the peasant class of these lands, were mostly composed of outcasts from the dissolved Bourbon Army, draft dodgers and quite a few criminals, several of whom already certain of a sentence – few were foreigners from other provinces and deserters. It did so only when it was sure of causing damage and of receiving minimal losses, and then immediately retreated to the most impervious areas of the Matese and Mainarde mountains, where they made their hiding places.The various assaults on the villages are limited to 1861 and lasted until the troops were sighted, so as to escape more easily, a clear sign of having no intention of subverting the new established order.Starting as early as 1862, with the destruction of the most numerous gangs, brigandish activities took on an evident delinquent character, dedicated to common crime, marked by thefts, robberies and blackmail, but not without the help of a large number of helpers, who supplied the brigands of food, ammunition and news.From 1863 the military documentation indicates a strong reduction of local brigandage, identifying in the raids carried out by foreign bands, first of all the Caruso band, and secondly the Fuoco band, the cause of the greatest damage that occurred in the area.Groups that often used Molise as a transit area or a suitable place as a hideout. As far as the presence and work of military force is concerned, the documentation of the G-11 Fund denies that sedimented vision of the Army dedicated exclusively to indiscriminate repressive action. This is a concept which for too long has distorted and conditioned a serene judgment on the contribution paid by the military in terms of sacrifice and human lives. The Army's commitment, assisted by the men of the Guardia Nazionale and by the Reali Carabinieri, involved a considerable effort in economic terms and sacrifice on the part of the soldiers who, beyond the more strictly operational aspect, were called to operate in conditions of extreme discomfort also of a moral and material nature.The in-depth analysis of the daily correspondence, minute and handwritten, in fact restores a troop condition full of difficulties, dictated by the tiring and long day and night marches, by the precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions of the quarters where they were allowed to rest, by the various and constant illnesses that disabled the troops, burdens too often misunderstood by most of the studies dedicated to the period.
Il processo unitario, conclusosi il 17 marzo 1861 con la proclamazione del Regno d’Italia, nelle province meridionali presentava ancora diverse e gravi criticità, che riproponevano le antiche fratture storiche che da sempre hanno attraversato quei territori. Problemi come l’estrema arretratezza dell’agricoltura, uno scarso progresso industriale, il precario sistema stradale delle aree interne, l’inesistente attività imprenditoriale sistemica privata e il debole bilancio del commercio estero, l’incrostata corruzione ministeriale, l’insoluta questione demaniale e soprattutto l’endemico problema del brigantaggio, i quali, con l’annessione al nuovo Stato, si ripresentavano con tutta la loro drammatica realtà, Esploso in gran parte del territorio meridionale, il brigantaggio postunitario, pur mantenendo la sua tipica matrice delle società rurali, è stato il veicolo per rappresentare “militarmente” le ragioni della reazione e il dissenso antiunitario. Ma, ben presto, come era forse nella sua vera natura, si trasformò in un fenomeno con specifiche peculiarità di carattere delinquenziale e criminale. Tutt’altro che semplice si rivelò il compito della forza militare inviata per la sua repressione. La truppa regolare incontrò una guerriglia mobile e agile che sfruttava la conoscenza e le asperità del territorio meridionale prevalentemente montano, la connivenza delle antiche nobili famiglie borboniche e la fitta rete parentale e amicale che ne assicurava i rifornimenti e le informazioni. Condizioni queste, che spesso colsero di sorpresa le insufficienti forze militari, chiamate a sorvegliare e proteggere insedianti urbani e aree rurali. Una controguerriglia che seppe, però, adeguarsi e plasmarsi nel tempo alle esigenze operative richieste dalla conformazione del territorio e dalla tattica utilizzata dai briganti e che, unitamente alla promulgazione della legge eccezionale del 1863, spostava gli equilibri di questa guerra asimmetrica a favore dello Stato. Per tali ragioni, il brigantaggio postunitario ha suscitato, ciclicamente, una particolare attenzione da parte degli studiosi accreditati e molto spesso anche di semplici studiosi di storia locale. Si potrebbe affermare che si è passati da un eccesso all’altro in quanto, fino alla metà del secolo scorso, era considerato un argomento di secondo piano. Un tema che negli ultimi anni sta sollevando invece dibattiti e polemiche. Infatti, mentre l’approccio storiografico più recente e accreditato ha riconosciuto il fenomeno nella sua valenza politica e sociale, non possiamo non evidenziare che questa riconsiderazione viene utilizzata per un’impostazione storiografica parziale e partigiana – anche imprecisa – che troppo spesso tende a nascondere la verità o ne sottolinea solo la parte più favorevole. Di qui, la necessità di ricordare quegli avvenimenti, attraverso le testimonianze di un’ingente mole di documentazione, diventa oggi il più efficace strumento d’indagine per non lasciare possibilità a semplificazioni e stravolgimenti interpretativi sul versante di un revisionismo storico che deforma verità e memoria. E’ in questo clima storiografico di rinnovato interesse per il fenomeno del brigantaggio postunitario che nasce l’idea di elaborare questo lavoro di ricerca, il quale intende contribuire alla diffusione della conoscenza del fenomeno brigantesco che coinvolse le province meridionali, in particolare quella di Molise, nel periodo dal 1861 al 1870, esaminando quelle fonti di prima mano che permettono di fornire allo studio una quantità di dati rigorosamente oggettivi su cui basare un’attenta indagine critica. Si tratta, insomma, di analizzare preliminarmente i contesti storico-politici e socio-economici di quelle realtà fisiche in cui il fenomeno rappresentò le sue forme più virulente, contribuendo così, seppur limitatamente alla realtà molisana, ad avere un quadro più ampio e completo della radicata e persistente presenza del fenomeno del brigantaggio. Lo studio è stato basato su diverse fonti archivistiche, tra le quali, oltre a quelle ricavate dagli Archivi di Stato provinciali (Campobasso, Caserta, Foggia, Isernia, Napoli), spiccano in massima parte quelle contenute nel Fondo Brigantaggio (G-11), custodite presso l’Archivio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, che raccoglie un patrimonio documentale di oltre 250.000 carte, suddivise in 143 buste. Attraverso una comprensione più plastica e diretta del fondamentale ruolo che svolse l’Esercito nella lotta al brigantaggio, è possibile oggi, intraprendere una nuova chiave di lettura, per far maggiore chiarezza, all’evoluzione del fenomeno. Il Fondo G-11 infatti, grazie a nuovi elementi documentali, fornisce un contributo significativo alla comprensione di quelle che erano le condizioni politiche, sociali ed economiche del Mezzogiorno d’Italia al momento dell’unificazione, contribuendo così, a sviluppare una visione sicuramente più critica della “Questione Meridionale”. In relazione all’incartamento “molisano”, sono state consultate e approfondite circa 80 buste contenenti tutta la documentazione militare prodotta dai Comandi Dipartimentali, Divisionali, Territoriali, Generali, dalle Zone e delle Sotto Zone, dai Compartimenti, Distaccamenti, Reggimenti, Battaglioni, Compagnie, Drappelli, Colonne mobili, che negli anni si sono succeduti nei circondari molisani. Una vastissima rappresentazione documentale, formata da Circolari, Dispacci, Rapporti, Messaggi, Comunicazioni, Verbali, Tabelle Organiche, Diari di movimentazione delle truppe e altro ancora, che potrà fornire un importante quadro su quello che rappresentò il complicato ruolo della forza militare nella difficile lotta al brigantaggio postunitario. La scelta metodologica seguita in questo studio, è stata basata sull’analisi della documentazione autografa prodotta tra il 1861 e il 1870 che ci fornisce una serie di dati di prima mano che non può dare nessuna opportunità a fraintendimenti e distorsioni, sugli atteggiamenti e sulle dinamiche sviluppatesi nel corso degli anni tra le forze militari, le bande brigantesche, le Autorità Politiche e le popolazioni locali. Un quadro che offre una possibilità unica di poter osservare, nel loro insieme, una serie di indicatori come le dislocazioni, le condizioni e le operazioni militari svolte delle truppe, i nominativi degli appartenenti e i luoghi delle scorrerie delle bande brigantesche, i modelli comunicativi e collaborativi tra militari e popolazione civile, nonché l’atteggiamento e le reazioni di questi sia nei confronti del nuovo Stato sia delle comitive banditesche, la conoscenza dell’urbanistica e della toponomastica antica, e altro ancora. Negli ultimi anni, molti hanno voluto vedere nel fenomeno uno scopo animatore puramente politico. Che vi fosse un’organizzazione politica borbonica connivente e che traesse profitto dalla guerra ingaggiata dai briganti è indubbio, ma che gli stessi briganti potessero avere direttamente uno scopo politico, nella disamina della documentazione non vi è traccia. Le informazioni ricavate, relative al fenomeno propriamente indigeno al territorio provinciale, infatti, dimostrano come le bande locali, alimentate esclusivamente da individui appartenenti alla classe dei contadini di queste terre, erano composte perlopiù da sbandati del disciolto Esercito borbonico, da renitenti alla leva e da non pochi malviventi, diversi dei quali già certi di una sentenza – pochi erano i forestieri provenienti da altre province e i disertori. Difficilmente una banda attaccava apertamente la truppa regolare. Lo faceva solo quando era certa di recare danno e di ricevere perdite minime, per poi ripiegare con immediatezza nelle zone più impervie delle montagne del Matese e delle Mainarde, dove ricavavano i propri nascondigli. I diversi assalti ai paesi sono circoscritti al 1861 e duravano finché non veniva avvistata la truppa, così da scappare più facilmente, segno evidente di non aver nessuna intenzione di sovvertire il nuovo ordine costituito. A partire già dal 1862, con la distruzione della bande più numerose, le attività brigantesche assunsero un unico ed evidente carattere delinquenziale, dedite alla criminalità comune, scandita da furti, rapine e ricatti, non senza però l’aiuto di un consistente numero di manutengoli, che rifornivano i briganti di cibo, munizioni e notizie. Dal 1863 la documentazione militare indica un forte ridimensionamento del brigantaggio locale, individuando nelle scorrerie operate dalle bande forestiere, su tutte la banda Caruso prima, quella Fuoco poi, la cagione dei maggior danni avvenuti sul territorio. Comitive che spesso utilizzavano il Molise come zona di passaggio o luogo adatto quale nascondiglio. Per quanto riguarda la presenza e l’opera della forza militare, la documentazione del Fondo G-11, smentisce quella sedimentata visione dell’Esercito dedito esclusivamente a una indiscriminata azione repressiva. Un concetto, questo, che per troppo tempo ha falsato e condizionato un sereno giudizio sul contributo pagato dai militari in termini di sacrificio e di vite umane. L’impegno dell’Esercito, coadiuvato dagli uomini della Guardia Nazionale e dai Reali Carabinieri, comportò uno sforzo notevole in termini economici e di sacrificio da parte dei soldati che, al di là dell’aspetto più propriamente operativo, erano chiamati a operare in condizioni di estremo disagio materiale e morale. L’analisi approfondita del carteggio quotidiano, minuto e autografo, restituisce, infatti, una condizione della truppa carica di difficoltà, dettate dalle faticose e lunghe marce diurne e notturne, dalle precarie condizioni igienico-sanitarie degli acquartieramenti dove era loro permesso riposare, dalle varie e costanti malattie che inabilitavano la truppa, fardelli, questi, troppo spesso misconosciuti dalla gran parte degli studi dedicati al periodo.
Esercito e territorio: il Molise. L'impiego dell'Esercito Italiano nella lotta al brigantaggio attraverso la documentazione dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'esercito (1861-1870)
Salvatore, Antonio
2023-10-06
Abstract
The unification process, which concluded March 17th 1861with the proclamation of the Regno d’Italia, within the Meridional Provinces still presented various and severe critical issues that exposed the historic fractures that had always plagued that territory. Problems such as the extreme agricultural backwardness; minimal industrial progress; a precarious road system of the internal areas, the nonexistent private entrepreneurship and the weak balance with foreign commerce, the embedded corruptionwithin the public administration, the unresolved issue with state-owned properties, and worse of it all the endemic brigandage problem which, with annexation of the new State, presented themselves with all of their dramatic reality. Disseminated along major parts of the meridional territory, the post-unification brigandage, even keeping their typical rural society matrix, has been the vehicle to “militarily” represent the reasons of the anti-unification reactions and dissensus. It quickly transformed, however, in a phenomenon of particularly criminal and delinquent characteristics, as it perhaps was in their members true nature. The endeavor that the military force sent for repressing the brigandage ended up being anything but simple. The regular troops found themselves fighting against a mobile and agile guerilla, that made use of their knowledge and hostility of the mainly mountainous meridional territory, the connivance of traditional Bourbonic noble families and the dense network, composed of friends and family, that ensured supplies and information. These conditions, which usually took the insufficient military forces by surprise, called for supervision and protection of urban settlers and rural areas. A counter-guerrilla which could, however, adapt and shape itself in time to the operational needs required by the composition of the terrain, the tactics used by the brigands and which, alongside the promulgation of the exceptional 1863 law, shifted the balance of this asymmetric war in favor of the state. Due to these reasons, the post-unification brigandagehas cyclically awakened particular attention from accredited scholars and usually even from regular local history scholars.It could be said that it has passed from an excess to another because, until the middle of the last century, it was considered a secondary topic.An issue that, in recent years, has been raising debates and controversies instead. In fact, while the most recent and accredited historiographical approach has recognized the phenomenon in its political and social value, we cannot fail to point out that this reconsideration is used for a partial and partisan - even imprecise - historiographical approach which too often tends to hide thetruth or underlines only the most favorable part.Hence, the need to remember those events, through the testimonies of a huge amount of documentation, today becomes the most effective investigative tool, in order to leave no room for simplifications and interpretative upheavals on the side of a historical revisionism that distorts truth and memory. It is in this historiographical climate of renewed interest in the phenomenon of post-unification brigandage that the idea of developing this research work was born, which intends to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge of the brigandage phenomenon that involved the Southern Provinces, in particular that of the Molise region,in the period from 1861 to 1870, by examining those first-hand sources which allow the study to be provided with a quantity of rigorously objective data on which to base a careful critical investigation.In short, it is a question of preliminarily analyzing the historical-political and socio-economic contexts of those physical realities in which the phenomenon represented its most virulent forms, thus contributing, albeit limited to the reality of theMolise region, to have a broader and more complete picture of therooted and persistent presence of the phenomenon of brigandage. The study was based on various archival sources, among which, in addition to those obtained from the provincial State Archives (Campobasso, Caserta, Foggia, Isernia, Napoli), those which stand out the most are the ones contained in the Fondo Brigantaggio (G-11),kept in the Historical Archive of the Army General Staff, which collects a documentary heritage of over 250,000 papers, divided into 143 envelopes. Through a more direct understanding of the fundamental role that the Army played in the fight against brigandage, it is possible, today, to undertake a new interpretation to shed greater clarity on the evolution of the phenomenon.In fact, the G-11 Fund, thanks to new documentary elements, provides a significant contribution to the understanding of the political, social and economic conditions of the Meridional Provinces at the time of unification, thus contributing to developing a certainly more critical vision of the “Meridional problematic”. In relation to the “Molisano” dossier, approximately 80 envelopes containing all the military documentation produced by the Departmental, Divisional, Territorial, General Commands, by the Zones and Sub-Zones, by the Compartments, Detachments, Regiments, Battalions, Companies, Drappelli, Colonne mobili, which have followed one another in the Molise districts over the yearswere consulted and examined in depth.A vast documentary representation, made up of Circulars, Dispatches, Reports, Messages, Communications, Minutes, Organic Tables, Troop Movement Diaries and more, which will certainly be able to provide the most complete picture possible of what the extremely complicated contribution represented of military strength in the difficult fight against post-unification brigandage. The methodological choice followed in this study was based on the analysis of the autograph documentation produced between 1861 and 1870, which provides us with a series of first-hand data that cannot give any opportunity to misunderstandings and distortions on attitudes and dynamics developed over the years between the military forces, brigands, the political authorities and local populations. A framework that offers a unique possibility of being able to observe, as a whole, a series of indicators such as the conditions, the dislocations and the military operations carried out by the troops; the names of the members and the places of the raids of the brigandish gangs; the communicative and collaborative models between the military and the civilian population, as well as the attitude and reactions of the latter both towards the new state and the bandit groups; knowledge of ancient toponymy and of the ancient communication routes of the time, and much more. In recent years, many have wanted to see in the phenomenon a purely political motivating purpose. There was no doubt that there was a Bourbon political organization conniving and profiting from the war waged by the brigands, butthere is no trace in the analysis of the documentation regarding the fact that the brigands themselves could directly have a political purpose. The information obtained, relating to the phenomenon that is properly native to the provincial territory, in fact, demonstrates how the local gangs, formed exclusively by individuals belonging to the peasant class of these lands, were mostly composed of outcasts from the dissolved Bourbon Army, draft dodgers and quite a few criminals, several of whom already certain of a sentence – few were foreigners from other provinces and deserters. It did so only when it was sure of causing damage and of receiving minimal losses, and then immediately retreated to the most impervious areas of the Matese and Mainarde mountains, where they made their hiding places.The various assaults on the villages are limited to 1861 and lasted until the troops were sighted, so as to escape more easily, a clear sign of having no intention of subverting the new established order.Starting as early as 1862, with the destruction of the most numerous gangs, brigandish activities took on an evident delinquent character, dedicated to common crime, marked by thefts, robberies and blackmail, but not without the help of a large number of helpers, who supplied the brigands of food, ammunition and news.From 1863 the military documentation indicates a strong reduction of local brigandage, identifying in the raids carried out by foreign bands, first of all the Caruso band, and secondly the Fuoco band, the cause of the greatest damage that occurred in the area.Groups that often used Molise as a transit area or a suitable place as a hideout. As far as the presence and work of military force is concerned, the documentation of the G-11 Fund denies that sedimented vision of the Army dedicated exclusively to indiscriminate repressive action. This is a concept which for too long has distorted and conditioned a serene judgment on the contribution paid by the military in terms of sacrifice and human lives. The Army's commitment, assisted by the men of the Guardia Nazionale and by the Reali Carabinieri, involved a considerable effort in economic terms and sacrifice on the part of the soldiers who, beyond the more strictly operational aspect, were called to operate in conditions of extreme discomfort also of a moral and material nature.The in-depth analysis of the daily correspondence, minute and handwritten, in fact restores a troop condition full of difficulties, dictated by the tiring and long day and night marches, by the precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions of the quarters where they were allowed to rest, by the various and constant illnesses that disabled the troops, burdens too often misunderstood by most of the studies dedicated to the period.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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