This PhD research project investigates the removal mechanism of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) by deposition on tree leaves. The most used experimental techniques for the evaluation of leaf deposited PM are reviewed (Chapter 2). Leaf microanalysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersed X-ray (SEM/EDX) is tested and validated. The proposed procedure allows the chemical and physical characterization of leaf deposited PM. Vacuum filtration (VF) gravimetric procedure, based on leaves washing and subsequent filtration of washing solutions, is also tested to this aim. A chemical fractionation procedure, based on the characterization of both leaf washing solutions and membrane filters is validated, thus achieving information on the water-soluble and insoluble fraction of leaf deposited PM. Results obtained from the three approaches are compared, to prove their efficiency and to highlight their limitations (Chapter 3). The potentialities of the characterization of leaf deposited PM for biomonitoring and source apportionment purposes have been explored in connection within two urban contexts (Chapter 4). In Terni, leaf deposition of PM elemental components, known as specific source tracers, is compared to their atmospheric concentrations. In Turin, the PM leaf deposition data obtained by SEM/EDX, from two NbSs, are integrated with the atmospheric concentrations of PM and its elemental components as retrieved by the analysis of the sampled membrane filters (Chapter 5), to evaluate the impact of specific emission sources. In Chapter 5, new insights on the tree leaf efficiency for the removal of atmospheric PM are provided, in connection with the concept of NbS. The PM removed by three NbSs realized within the context of the European project H2020 “proGIreg” has been assessed by SEM/EDX microanalysis. The studied NbSs have been realized in post-industrialized areas of Turin (Italy), Dortmund (Germany) and Ningbo (China). In the specific case of a renatured landfill in Dortmund (DE), SEM/EDX experimental results are also compared with those obtained by the i-Tree Eco model. In Chapter 6, the application of new techniques for the spatially-resolved analysis of atmospheric PM is described. Low-cost active PM10 samplers, the High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italy) are employed in a dense network in Terni, for the evaluation and mapping of the spatial distribution of PM10 main elements. The application of oxidative potential (OP) acellular assays is also reported, to evaluate the role of sources in inducing oxidative stress. The efficiency of lichen transplants is tested for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Then, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model is applied to chemical data retrieved from PM10 filters sampled before, during and after the Covid-19 lockdown, to evaluate chemical profiles of sources and their contribution to PM10 mass during these peculiar periods. The results presented in this PhD thesis provide new insights on the evaluation of PM leaf deposition and its main applications. The new chemical fractionation results effective for obtaining detailed information on water-soluble and insoluble PM fraction and for increasing the selectivity of specific components as source tracers. The comparison with their atmospheric concentrations proved the reliability of leaves as low-cost PM samplers which can be deployed for the identification of emission sources and the evaluation of their impact. Finally, SEM/EDX leaf microanalysis proved its efficiency for evaluating the species-specific affinity and the efficiency of NbS implemented in urban areas.
Il presente progetto di dottorato è focalizzato sulla rimozione di particolato atmosferico (PM) mediante deposizione su lamine fogliari. Le principali tecniche sperimentali per la valutazione del PM depositato su foglia sono state testate e validate (Capitolo 2). L’efficienza della microanalisi mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione accoppiata a rilevatore a raggi X (SEM/EDX) è stata testata, dimostrando la sua efficacia per una caratterizzazione chimica e fisica del PM depositato quanto più completa possibile. La procedura gravimetrica del Vacuum Filtration (VF), basata sul lavaggio delle foglie e la successiva filtrazione delle soluzioni, è stata anch’essa testata a questo scopo. Infine, la tecnica di frazionamento chimico, basata sulla caratterizzazione chimica delle soluzioni di lavaggio e dei filtri, è risultata efficiente per ottenere informazioni sulla frazione solubile e insolubile del PM depositato. I risultati ottenuti tramite le tre tecniche sono stati poi confrontati, per dimostrare la loro efficacia e per evidenziare le loro limitazioni (Capitolo 3). Le potenzialità della caratterizzazione del PM depositato su foglia ai fini del biomonitoraggio sono state esplorate in due diversi contesti urbani (Capitolo 4). Nelle città di Terni e Torino, la deposizione fogliare di componenti elementari del PM, noti come traccianti di sorgente, è stata confrontata con le loro concentrazioni atmosferiche, per la valutazione dell’impatto di specifiche sorgenti emissive. Nel Capitolo 5, l'efficienza delle foglie nella rimozione del PM atmosferico è stata descritta in relazione al concetto di Nature-based solution (NbS). Il PM rimosso da tre NbS realizzate nell’ambito del progetto H2020 "proGIreg" è stato valutato mediante SEM/EDX. Le NbS studiate sono state realizzate in aree post-industriali di Torino (Italia), Dortmund (Germania) e Ningbo (Cina). Nel caso specifico della NbS di Dortmund (DE), i risultati sperimentali sono stati inoltre confrontati con quelli ottenuti tramite l’applicazione del modello i-Tree Eco. Nel Capitolo 6, sono state presentate nuove tecniche per il monitoraggio e l’analisi ad alta risoluzione spaziale del PM atmosferico. Campionatori attivi di PM10 a basso costo, gli High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italia) sono stati utilizzati in una densa rete di monitoraggio a Terni, per la valutazione e mappatura della distribuzione spaziale dei principali componenti del PM10. Viene inoltre riportata l'applicazione di saggi acellulari di potenziale ossidativo (OP), per valutare il ruolo di specifiche sorgenti nell'indurre stress ossidativo. L'efficienza di licheni è inoltre testata per la valutazione della distribuzione spaziale di inquinanti organici persistenti (POP). Infine, il modello Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) è applicato ai dati chimici ottenuti da filtri campionati prima, durante e dopo il lockdown Covid-19, per valutare i profili emissivi delle fonti e il loro contributo alla massa del PM10 in condizioni estremamente particolari. I risultati presentati forniscono risultati innovativi sulla valutazione della deposizione fogliare del PM e sulle sue principali applicazioni. Il frazionamento chimico applicato al PM depositato su foglia è risultato essere efficace per ottenere informazioni dettagliate sulle frazioni solubili e insolubili del PM e per aumentare la selettività di componenti specifici come traccianti di sorgente. Il confronto con le concentrazioni atmosferiche ha inoltre dimostrato l'affidabilità delle foglie come campionatori di PM. Infine, la microanalisi fogliare tramite SEM/EDX ha dimostrato la sua efficacia nella valutazione dell'affinità specie-specifica e dell'efficienza di NbS nei confronti della rimozione di PM tramite deposizione fogliare.
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) removal by deposition on leaves: analytical evaluation and applications to biomonitoring and to nature-based solutions (NbS)
RISTORINI, Martina
2022-07-27
Abstract
This PhD research project investigates the removal mechanism of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) by deposition on tree leaves. The most used experimental techniques for the evaluation of leaf deposited PM are reviewed (Chapter 2). Leaf microanalysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersed X-ray (SEM/EDX) is tested and validated. The proposed procedure allows the chemical and physical characterization of leaf deposited PM. Vacuum filtration (VF) gravimetric procedure, based on leaves washing and subsequent filtration of washing solutions, is also tested to this aim. A chemical fractionation procedure, based on the characterization of both leaf washing solutions and membrane filters is validated, thus achieving information on the water-soluble and insoluble fraction of leaf deposited PM. Results obtained from the three approaches are compared, to prove their efficiency and to highlight their limitations (Chapter 3). The potentialities of the characterization of leaf deposited PM for biomonitoring and source apportionment purposes have been explored in connection within two urban contexts (Chapter 4). In Terni, leaf deposition of PM elemental components, known as specific source tracers, is compared to their atmospheric concentrations. In Turin, the PM leaf deposition data obtained by SEM/EDX, from two NbSs, are integrated with the atmospheric concentrations of PM and its elemental components as retrieved by the analysis of the sampled membrane filters (Chapter 5), to evaluate the impact of specific emission sources. In Chapter 5, new insights on the tree leaf efficiency for the removal of atmospheric PM are provided, in connection with the concept of NbS. The PM removed by three NbSs realized within the context of the European project H2020 “proGIreg” has been assessed by SEM/EDX microanalysis. The studied NbSs have been realized in post-industrialized areas of Turin (Italy), Dortmund (Germany) and Ningbo (China). In the specific case of a renatured landfill in Dortmund (DE), SEM/EDX experimental results are also compared with those obtained by the i-Tree Eco model. In Chapter 6, the application of new techniques for the spatially-resolved analysis of atmospheric PM is described. Low-cost active PM10 samplers, the High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italy) are employed in a dense network in Terni, for the evaluation and mapping of the spatial distribution of PM10 main elements. The application of oxidative potential (OP) acellular assays is also reported, to evaluate the role of sources in inducing oxidative stress. The efficiency of lichen transplants is tested for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Then, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model is applied to chemical data retrieved from PM10 filters sampled before, during and after the Covid-19 lockdown, to evaluate chemical profiles of sources and their contribution to PM10 mass during these peculiar periods. The results presented in this PhD thesis provide new insights on the evaluation of PM leaf deposition and its main applications. The new chemical fractionation results effective for obtaining detailed information on water-soluble and insoluble PM fraction and for increasing the selectivity of specific components as source tracers. The comparison with their atmospheric concentrations proved the reliability of leaves as low-cost PM samplers which can be deployed for the identification of emission sources and the evaluation of their impact. Finally, SEM/EDX leaf microanalysis proved its efficiency for evaluating the species-specific affinity and the efficiency of NbS implemented in urban areas.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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