The mission of goal 7 of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is ensuring sustainable energy at accessible price, promoting technological development and innovation. The 2019 Global report from The Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU) claims the need to “focus on bioenergy that do not (or only minimally) increases the pression on land use”, cultivating energy crops that do not compete with food production, forest or degraded land restoration. Moreover, the last directive EU 2018/2001 encourages the Member States towards production and usage of energy from renewable sources. The bioenergy crop Arundo donax L is a promising crop that addresses the requisites of low pressure on soils, being able to grow on marginal/degraded land, needing low input, and being a non-edible crop. However, the recalcitrance of its lignocellulosic biomass to enzymatic degradation into fermentable sugars is the main limiting factor in energy production. The amount of lignocellulosic biomass is linked to the lignin deposition and is reported in the literature to be related to stress responses. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was investigating the molecular responses of A. donax to salt stress and/or eutrophication, which affects marginal land, in order to understand if and how lignin deposition is affected. A combination of different Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches, such as RNA-sequencing, smallRNA-sequencing and degradome-sequencing, were applied. Results obtained could be summarized in three points. First, a remodulation of lignin composition, involving a different lignol monomers deposition, was suggested by differential gene expression and analysis on lignin content and peroxidases activity. Second, a catalogue of microRNAs, both conserved and novel, in arundo from direct NGS was built for the first time. Finally, a list of possible targets for biotechnological improvement for both stress tolerance and biomass yield was generated thanks to the analysis of degradome-sequencing data combined with smallRNAs- and RNA-sequencing data. Taken together, these results could help improve knowledge on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms in arundo, despite the lack of a reference genome. Furthermore, deepening the knowledge on arundo ability to cope with salt stress and nutrients imbalance could help in using this plant for requalification of marginal and abandoned lands, helping to lighten the pressure on soil usage and mitigating climate change effects.
L’obiettivo 7 dell’Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile è assicurare energia sostenibile a prezzi accessibili, promuovendo lo sviluppo tecnologico e l’innovazione. Nel 2019, il report prodotto dalla FOLU (The Food and Land Use Coalition) ha indicato la necessità di “focalizzarsi sulla bioenergia che non incrementa (o lo fa in maniera minima) la pressione sull’utilizzo del suolo”, usando colture energetiche che non competono con la produzione di cibo, con le foreste o con il recupero di terreni degradati. Inoltre, la direttiva EU 2018/2001 incoraggia gli Stati Membri a produrre ed utilizzare energia proveniente da fonti rinnovabili. Arundo donax L è una coltura bioenergetica molto promettente, che risponde ai requisiti di scarsa pressione sul suolo, in quanto capace di crescere su terreni marginali/degradati senza eccessive richieste di cura, ed è una coltura non alimentare. Tuttavia, la recalcitranza della biomassa lignocellulosica alla degradazione in zuccheri fermentabili rappresenta il suo principale limite nell’utilizzo per la produzione di energia. Il principale obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di investigare le risposte molecolari di A. donax a stress salino e/o eutrofizzazione, problemi principali dei terreni marginali, per capire se e quanto venga influenzata la produzione di lignina. Per fare ciò, è stata utilizzata una combinazione di approcci di Next Generation Sequencing, quali RNA-sequencing, smallRNA-sequencing and degradome-sequencing. I risultati ottenuti possono essere sintetizzati in tre punti. Primo, dall’analisi dei geni differenzialmente espressi e dall’analisi del contenuto di lignina e dell’attività delle perossidasi, viene suggerita una rimodulazione nella composizione della lignina, che sembra coinvolgere una diversa deposizione dei monomeri da cui è composta. Secondo, è stato creato per la prima volta e un catalogo di microRNA, conservati e nuovi, presenti in arundo. Infine, è stata individuata una lista di possibili target da utilizzare per approcci di miglioramento biotecnologico, sia per la tolleranza agli stress che per la resa in termini di biomassa, tramite la combinazione dei dati di degradome-, smallRNA- e RNA-sequencing. Nel loro insieme, tali risultati possono aiutare a comprendere i meccanismi regolativi trascrizionali e post-trascrizionali in arundo, nonostante la mancanza di un genoma di riferimento. Inoltre, approfondire la conoscenza sulla capacità dell’arundo di fronteggiare lo stress salino e il disequilibrio nutritivo, può essere di notevole aiuto nel promuovere l’utilizzo di tale pianta per progetti di riqualificazione di terreni marginali o abbandonati, aiutando a limitare la pressione sull’utilizzo del suolo e mitigare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico.
An integrated next generation sequencing approach to define and improve the productive efficiency of the energy crop Arundo donax
ROTUNNO, Silvia
2022-05-10
Abstract
The mission of goal 7 of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is ensuring sustainable energy at accessible price, promoting technological development and innovation. The 2019 Global report from The Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU) claims the need to “focus on bioenergy that do not (or only minimally) increases the pression on land use”, cultivating energy crops that do not compete with food production, forest or degraded land restoration. Moreover, the last directive EU 2018/2001 encourages the Member States towards production and usage of energy from renewable sources. The bioenergy crop Arundo donax L is a promising crop that addresses the requisites of low pressure on soils, being able to grow on marginal/degraded land, needing low input, and being a non-edible crop. However, the recalcitrance of its lignocellulosic biomass to enzymatic degradation into fermentable sugars is the main limiting factor in energy production. The amount of lignocellulosic biomass is linked to the lignin deposition and is reported in the literature to be related to stress responses. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was investigating the molecular responses of A. donax to salt stress and/or eutrophication, which affects marginal land, in order to understand if and how lignin deposition is affected. A combination of different Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches, such as RNA-sequencing, smallRNA-sequencing and degradome-sequencing, were applied. Results obtained could be summarized in three points. First, a remodulation of lignin composition, involving a different lignol monomers deposition, was suggested by differential gene expression and analysis on lignin content and peroxidases activity. Second, a catalogue of microRNAs, both conserved and novel, in arundo from direct NGS was built for the first time. Finally, a list of possible targets for biotechnological improvement for both stress tolerance and biomass yield was generated thanks to the analysis of degradome-sequencing data combined with smallRNAs- and RNA-sequencing data. Taken together, these results could help improve knowledge on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms in arundo, despite the lack of a reference genome. Furthermore, deepening the knowledge on arundo ability to cope with salt stress and nutrients imbalance could help in using this plant for requalification of marginal and abandoned lands, helping to lighten the pressure on soil usage and mitigating climate change effects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_S_Rotunno.pdf
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