The Renewable Energy Communities in agriculture can be defined as a participatory model within the process of energy efficiency, in line with environmental sustainability goals and with the implementation of Article 194, paragraph 1, of the TFEU. This article states that "the Union’s energy policy, in a spirit of solidarity between Member States, shall aim to: a) ensure the functioning of the energy market; b) ensure security of energy supply in the Union; c) promote energy saving, energy efficiency and the development of new and renewable forms of energy; d) promote the interconnection of energy networks.” The agricultural sector has always been called upon to respond to environmental emergencies, which now concern the whole of society and for which farmers are not only among the most affected, but in many cases, also bear part of the responsibility. Climate change, in particular, significantly impacts rural areas, putting at risk food security and the stability of territories, both from a hydrogeological and social point of view. The contribution that agricultural entrepreneurs can make to the energy transition may therefore find in the organizational model of the Renewable Energy Community (REC) a useful tool for the alternative production of renewable energy, aligned with principles of sustainability and solidarity. The REC allows involved farmers to be both producers and consumers (or more precisely, prosumers) of a resource—energy—that is increasingly scarce, but which can be generated and used collectively without compromising agricultural production purposes. The shared use of natural resources is, after all, a practice well known to farmers since time immemorial, particularly with regard to the two essential resources for agricultural production: land and water. The production and use of renewable energy also aligns with a distinctive feature of agriculture: its multifunctionality. This was formally recognized for the agricultural enterprise under Article 2135 of the Italian Civil Code through the 2001 Agricultural Orientation Law, which legally legitimized the juridical figure of the agro-energy enterprise. However, while the multifunctional agricultural enterprise primarily aims to increase its income—often by providing public goods to the community—in the case of energy communities, the collective production and management of renewable energy resources can represent a specific source of additional income. Even when the energy produced is used solely for self-consumption, the reduction in business energy costs contributes to improving the enterprise’s profitability. Essentially, RECs represent a scenario in which the synthesis between agricultural production and energy production is realized, forming the theoretical and practical core of the agro-energy issue. Thanks to their aggregative nature, RECs can empower agricultural entrepreneurs in relation to large commercial stakeholders in the sector; they promote the creation of a network of agricultural producers and other actors, without compromising core agricultural functions; and they enable agro-energy communities to develop local strategies for sustainable energy development, enhancing the diversity and richness of the territories and contributing to the broader energy transition. Unfortunately, the implementation of this new organisational model in the agricultural sector is facing numerous obstacles of various kinds.
Le CER in agricoltura possono essere definite un modello partecipativo al processo di efficientamento energetico nell'ottica della sostenibilità ambientale ma anche nella prospettiva dell’attuazione dell’art. 194, paragrafo 1, TFEU per cui “la politica dell’Unione nel settore dell’energia è intesa, in uno spirito di solidarietà tra Stati membri, a: a) garantire il funzionamento del mercato dell’energia; b) garantire la sicurezza dell’approvvigionamento energetico nell’Unione; promuovere il risparmio energetico, l’efficienza energetica e lo sviluppo di energie nuove e rinnovabili; promuovere l’interconnessione delle reti energetiche”. Il mondo agricolo è stato da sempre chiamato ad affrontare le emergenze ambientali che preoccupano ormai tutta la collettività e di cui gli imprenditori agricoli, oltre ad essere spesso i soggetti maggiormente colpiti, sono in molti casi anche responsabili. Il cambiamento climatico, peraltro, colpisce in modo rilevante le zone rurali giungendo a mettere in crisi anche la sicurezza alimentare delle popolazioni e la tenuta dei territori, sia dal punto di vista idrogeologico che sociale. Il contributo che gli imprenditori agricoli possono fornire alla transizione energetica può, dunque, trovare nella formula organizzativa della CER un utile strumento di produzione alternativa di energia (rinnovabile) che rispetta criteri di sostenibilità e di solidarietà. La CER consente agli imprenditori agricoli coinvolti di essere, contemporaneamente, produttori e consumatori (meglio, autoconsumatori) di un bene, l’energia, sempre più scarso ma ottenuto ed utilizzato in forma collettiva e senza compromettere le destinazioni produttive agricole. L’uso comune delle risorse naturali, del resto, è una pratica che gli agricoltori conoscono da tempo immemorabile a partire dall’utilizzo di due beni fondamentali per la produzione agricola ovvero la terra e l’acqua. La produzione e l’uso dell’energia rinnovabile risponde, altresì, ad una peculiarità dell’agricoltura ovvero la sua multifunzionalità, riconosciuta all’impresa agricola di cui all’art. 2135 c.c. con la legge di orientamento agricolo del 2001 che legittima, giuridicamente, la figura dell’impresa agroenergetica. Però mentre l’impresa agricola multifunzionale punta prevalentemente ad incrementare il proprio reddito, fornendo spesso dei public goods alla collettività, nel caso delle comunità energetiche la produzione e la gestione collettiva delle risorse energetiche rinnovabili possono rappresentare una fonte particolare di reddito aggiuntivo, anche quando la produzione è destinata esclusivamente all’autoconsumo in quanto, riducendo i costi energetici aziendali, si consente di migliorare la capacità reddituale dell’impresa. La CER, in sostanza, rappresenta uno scenario all’interno del quale si realizza la sintesi tra produzione agricola e produzione energetica che costituisce il fulcro, teorico e pratico, della questione agroenergetica. La CER, in forza della sua natura aggregativa, può essere in grado di rendere protagonista l’imprenditore agricolo rispetto ai grandi stakeholders commerciali che operano nel settore; promuove la creazione di una rete di produttori agricoli e di soggetti di altra estrazione ma non inficia il mantenimento delle funzioni agricole principali; consente alle comunità agroenergetiche di promuovere l’individuazione di strategie di sviluppo sostenibile delle agroenergie su base locale, valorizzando eterogeneità e varietà dei territori e contribuendo alla transizione energetica. Purtroppo la realizzazione di questo nuovo modello organizzativo per il mondo agricolo sta incontrando numerosi ostacoli di varia natura.
Le comunità energetiche rinnovabili (CER) in agricoltura: un’opportunità per un patto ecosociale?
Lorenza Paoloni
2026-01-01
Abstract
The Renewable Energy Communities in agriculture can be defined as a participatory model within the process of energy efficiency, in line with environmental sustainability goals and with the implementation of Article 194, paragraph 1, of the TFEU. This article states that "the Union’s energy policy, in a spirit of solidarity between Member States, shall aim to: a) ensure the functioning of the energy market; b) ensure security of energy supply in the Union; c) promote energy saving, energy efficiency and the development of new and renewable forms of energy; d) promote the interconnection of energy networks.” The agricultural sector has always been called upon to respond to environmental emergencies, which now concern the whole of society and for which farmers are not only among the most affected, but in many cases, also bear part of the responsibility. Climate change, in particular, significantly impacts rural areas, putting at risk food security and the stability of territories, both from a hydrogeological and social point of view. The contribution that agricultural entrepreneurs can make to the energy transition may therefore find in the organizational model of the Renewable Energy Community (REC) a useful tool for the alternative production of renewable energy, aligned with principles of sustainability and solidarity. The REC allows involved farmers to be both producers and consumers (or more precisely, prosumers) of a resource—energy—that is increasingly scarce, but which can be generated and used collectively without compromising agricultural production purposes. The shared use of natural resources is, after all, a practice well known to farmers since time immemorial, particularly with regard to the two essential resources for agricultural production: land and water. The production and use of renewable energy also aligns with a distinctive feature of agriculture: its multifunctionality. This was formally recognized for the agricultural enterprise under Article 2135 of the Italian Civil Code through the 2001 Agricultural Orientation Law, which legally legitimized the juridical figure of the agro-energy enterprise. However, while the multifunctional agricultural enterprise primarily aims to increase its income—often by providing public goods to the community—in the case of energy communities, the collective production and management of renewable energy resources can represent a specific source of additional income. Even when the energy produced is used solely for self-consumption, the reduction in business energy costs contributes to improving the enterprise’s profitability. Essentially, RECs represent a scenario in which the synthesis between agricultural production and energy production is realized, forming the theoretical and practical core of the agro-energy issue. Thanks to their aggregative nature, RECs can empower agricultural entrepreneurs in relation to large commercial stakeholders in the sector; they promote the creation of a network of agricultural producers and other actors, without compromising core agricultural functions; and they enable agro-energy communities to develop local strategies for sustainable energy development, enhancing the diversity and richness of the territories and contributing to the broader energy transition. Unfortunately, the implementation of this new organisational model in the agricultural sector is facing numerous obstacles of various kinds.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


